norepinephrine

Topic: norepinephrine
Instructions : Application of Course Knowledge: Answer all questions/criteria with explanations and detail.
Provide a 3-5 sentence paraphrased summary of the assigned neurotransmitter purpose and function.
Link the assigned neurotransmitter to a psychiatric diagnosis or diagnoses.
Discuss associated symptoms of the selected diagnosis or diagnoses. Determine if each symptom is related to an excess or deficiency in the neurotransmitter.
Identify a drug class that treats the disorder. Discuss whether recommended medications are agonists or antagonists. Explain how the medication impacts the clinical signs and symptoms (treats the diagnosis).
Integration of Evidence: Integrate relevant scholarly sources as defined by program expectationsLinks to an external site.:
Cite a scholarly source in the initial post.
Cite a scholarly source in one faculty response post.
Cite a scholarly source in one peer post.
Accurately analyze, synthesize, and/or apply principles from evidence with no more than one short quote (15 words or less) for the week.
Include a minimum of two different scholarly sources per week. Cite all references and provide references for all citations.
Rubric: This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeApplication of Course Knowledge
4 Required Criteria
Answer all questions/criteria with explanations and detail:
1. Provide a 3-5 sentence paraphrased summary of the assigned neurotransmitter purpose and function.
2. Link the assigned neurotransmitter to a psychiatric diagnosis or diagnoses.
3. Discuss associated symptoms of the selected diagnosis or diagnoses. Determine if each symptom is related to an excess or deficiency in the neurotransmitter.
4. Identify a drug class that treats the disorder. Discuss whether recommended medications are agonists or antagonists. Explain how the medication impacts the clinical signs and symptoms (treats the diagnosis).
40 pts
Excellent
All requirements met.
36 pts
Very Good
3 requirements met.
33 pts
Satisfactory
2 requirements met.
20 pts
Needs Improvement
1 requirement met.
0 pts
Unsatisfactory
No requirements met.
40 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeIntegration of Evidence
5 Required Criteria
Integrate relevant scholarly sources as defined by program expectations:
1. Cite a scholarly source in the initial post.
2. Cite a scholarly source in one faculty response post.
3. Cite a scholarly source in one peer post.
4. Accurately analyze, synthesize, and/or apply principles from evidence with no more than one short quote (15 words or less) for the week.
5. Include a minimum of two different scholarly sources per week. Cite all references and provide references for all citations.
20 pts
Excellent
All requirements met.
18 pts
Very Good
4 requirements met.
16 pts
Satisfactory
3 requirements met.
10 pts
Needs Improvement
1-2 requirements met.
0 pts
Unsatisfactory
No requirements met.
20 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeEngagement in Meaningful Dialogue
3 Required Criteria
Engage peers and faculty by asking questions, offering new insights, applications, perspectives, information, or implications for practice:
1. Respond to at least one peer [on a topic other than the initial assigned topic].
2. Respond to at least one faculty post.
3. Communicate using respectful, collegial language and terminology appropriate to advanced nursing practice.
30 pts
Excellent
All requirements met.
24 pts
Satisfactory
2 requirements met.
10 pts
Needs Improvement
1 requirement met.
0 pts
Unsatisfactory
No requirements met.
30 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeProfessionalism in Communication
Communicates with minimal errors in English grammar, spelling, syntax, and punctuation.
5 pts
Excellent
0-1 errors.
4 pts
V. Good
2-3 errors.
3 pts
Satisfactory
4-5 errors.
2.5 pts
Needs Improvement
6-7 errors.
0 pts
Unsatisfactory
More than 7 errors.
5 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeReference Citation
Uses current APA format to format citations and references and is free of errors.
5 pts
Excellent
0-1 errors.
4 pts
V. Good
2 errors.
3 pts
Satisfactory
3-4 errors.
2.5 pts
Needs Improvement
5-6 errors.
0 pts
Unsatisfactory
More than 6 errors.
5 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeLate Penalty Deductions
A 10% late penalty will be imposed for discussions posted after the deadline on Wednesday, regardless of the number of days late. NOTHING will be accepted after 11:59pm MT on Sunday (i.e., student will receive an automatic 0).
0 pts
No Points Deducted
Posts submitted on time; no points deducted.
0 pts
Points Deducted
Posts submitted late. 10% deduction in points for initial posts entered after Wednesday
0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeTotal Participation
A 10% penalty will be imposed for not posting on the minimum of TWO separate days. NOTHING will be accepted after 11:59pm MT on Sunday (i.e. student will receive an automatic 0)
0 pts
No Points Deducted
Posts submitted on a minimum of two separate days; no points deducted.
0 pts

ANSWER
Norepinephrine

Summary

Norepinephrine (NE), also known as noradrenalin, is a neurotransmitter and hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating mood, arousal, and attention. It is synthesized in the brainstem and locus coeruleus and released into the bloodstream by the adrenal glands. Norepinephrine helps to prepare the body for action, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels. It also enhances alertness, focus, and cognitive function.

Psychiatric Diagnoses

Deficiencies in norepinephrine have been linked to a variety of psychiatric disorders, including:

Depression: Low levels of norepinephrine are associated with symptoms of depression, such as sadness, anhedonia, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating.

Anxiety disorders: Norepinephrine is involved in the body’s fight-or-flight response, and excessive norepinephrine activity can lead to symptoms of anxiety, such as fear, restlessness, and panic attacks.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Norepinephrine is thought to play a role in regulating attention and impulsivity, and deficiencies in norepinephrine may contribute to symptoms of ADHD, such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Symptoms and Neurotransmitter Levels

The symptoms associated with norepinephrine imbalances vary depending on the specific disorder and whether the imbalance is due to an excess or deficiency of the neurotransmitter. In general:

Excess norepinephrine: Symptoms associated with excess norepinephrine may include anxiety, agitation, restlessness, and insomnia.

Deficiency in norepinephrine: Symptoms associated with deficiency in norepinephrine may include depression, fatigue, low energy, and difficulty concentrating.

Drug Classes and Treatment

Several drug classes are used to treat psychiatric disorders that are associated with norepinephrine imbalances. These include:

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): SSRIs work by increasing the amount of serotonin available in the brain. Serotonin can indirectly increase norepinephrine levels, making SSRIs effective for treating depression and anxiety.

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs): TCAs work by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, increasing their levels in the brain. TCAs are effective for treating depression and anxiety, but they can also have more side effects than SSRIs.

Venlafaxine (Effexor): Venlafaxine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that blocks the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine. It is effective for treating depression, anxiety, and panic disorder.

Citations

Stahl, S. M., & Frazer, A. (2017). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: The prescriber’s guide (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Nestler, E. J., & Hyman, S. E. (2015). Cellular and molecular bases of neuroscience (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.