Write a 1250-1700-word essay addressing each of the following points. Be sure to

Write a 1250-1700-word essay addressing each of the following points. Be sure to completely answer each bullet point. Separate each section in your paper with a clear heading that allows your professor to know which bullet you are addressing in that section of your paper. Support your ideas with at least three (3) scholarly sources within the last 5 years in your essay. Make sure to reference the citations using the APA writing style for the essay including in-text citations. The cover page and reference page do not count towards the minimum word amount. Please include an introduction and a conclusion and no direct quotes within the essay.
This week’s readings introduced many of the important laws, theories and models, and privacy and data security concerns that govern informatics. From the chapters in the text and any articles assigned:
Select three laws and one theory or model pertaining to informatics, technology use, patient privacy, and data security.
Based on the selections, describe the role government, private or public employers, and professional ethics have in enforcing patient privacy and data security and the penalties for failure to maintain privacy or security.
From the textbook:
Nelson, R., (2018). An introduction to health informatics. In R. Nelson
& N. Staggers (Eds.), Health informatics: An interprofessional approach (2nd ed., pp. 594a-611). Elsevier.
Nelson Model
“In 1989 Nelson extended the Blum and Graves and Corcoran data-to-knowledge continuum by including wisdom.47 This initial publication provided only brief definitions of the concepts, but later publications included a model.48 Fig. 2.6 demonstrates the most current version of this model. Within this model, wisdom is defined as the appropriate use of knowledge in managing or solving human problems. It is knowing when and how to use knowledge in managing patient needs or problems. Effectively using wisdom in managing a patient problem requires a combination of values, experience, and knowledge. The concepts of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom overlap and interrelate as demonstrated by the overlapping circles and arrows in the model. Of note, what is information in one context may be data in another. For example, a nursing student may view the liver function tests within the blood work results reported this morning and see only data or a group of numbers related to some strange-looking tests. However, the staff nurse looking at the same results will see the information and in turn see the implications for the patient’s plan of care. The greater the knowledge base used to interpret data, the more information disclosed from that data, and in turn the more data points that may be generated. Data processed to become information can create new data items. For example, if one collects the blood sugar levels for a diabetic patient over time, patterns begin to emerge. These patterns become new data items to be interpreted. One nurse may notice and describe the pattern, but a nurse with more knowledge related to diabetes may identify a Somogyi-type pattern, with important implications for the patient’s treatment protocols. The concept of constant flux is illustrated by the curved arrows moving between the concepts. As one moves up the continuum, there are increasing interactions and interrelationships within and between the circles, producing increased complexity of the elements within each circle. Therefore the concept of wisdom is much more complex than the concept of data. The introduction of the concept of wisdom gained professional acceptance in 2008 when the American Nurses Association included this concept and the related model in Nursing Informatics: Scope and Standards of Practice.49 In this document the model is used to frame the scope of practice for nursing informatics. This change meant that the scope of practice for nursing informatics was no longer fully defined by the functionality of a computer and the types of applications processed by a computer. Rather the scope of practice is now defined by the goals of nursing and nurse-computer interactions in achieving these goals. Using the concepts of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom makes it possible to classify the different levels of computing. An information system such as a pharmacy information system takes in data and information, processes the data and information, and outputs information. A computerized decision support system uses knowledge and a set of rules for using that knowledge to interpret data and information and output suggested or actual recommendations. A healthcare application may recommend additional diagnostic tests based on a pattern of abnormal test results, such as increasing creatinine levels. With a decision support system, the user decides whether the suggestion or recommendations will be implemented. A decision support system relies on the knowledge and wisdom of the user. An computerized expert system goes one step further. An expert system implements the decision that has been programmed into the computer system without the intervention of the user. For example, an automated system that monitors a patient’s overall status and then uses a set of predetermined parameters to trigger and implement the decision to call a code is an expert system. In this example, the data were converted to information, a knowledge base was used to interpret that information, and the decision to implement an action based on this process has been automated. The relationships among the concepts of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom, as well as information, decision support, and expert computer systems, are demonstrated in Fig. 2.7. In the model, the three types of electronic systems overlap, reflecting how such systems are used in actual practice. For example, an electronic system recommending that a medication order be changed to decrease costs might be consistently implemented with no further thought by the provider entering the orders. In this example, an application designed as a decision support system is actually being used as an expert system by the provider. Because there are limits to the amount of data and information the human mind can remember and process, each practitioner walks a tightrope between depending on the computer to assist in the management of a situation with a high cognitive load and delegating the decision to the computer application. This reality presents interesting and important practical and research questions concerning the effective and appropriate use of computerized decision support systems in the provision of healthcare. Effective computerized systems are dependent on the quality of data, information, and knowledge processed. Box 2.4 lists the attributes of data, information, and knowledge. These attributes provide a framework for developing evaluation forms that measure the quality of data, information, and 25knowledge. For example, healthcare data are presented as text, numbers, or a combination of text and numbers. Good-quality health data provide a complete description of the item being presented with accurate measurements. Using these attributes, an evaluation form can be developed for judging the quality (including completeness) of a completed patient assessment form or for judging the quality of a healthcare website. The same process can be used with the attributes of knowledge. Think about the books or online references one might access in developing a treatment plan for a patient or consider a knowledge base that is built into a decision support system. What would result if the knowledge was incomplete or inaccurate or did not apply to the patient’s specific problem or if suggested approaches were out of date and no longer considered effective in treating the patient’s problem? What if the knowledge was not presented in the appropriate format for use? Although this section has focused on computer systems, humans are also open systems that take in data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. Learning theory provides a framework for understanding how patients and healthcare providers, as open learning systems, take in, process, and output data, information, knowledge, and wisdom.”
Healthcare-Related Privacy and Security Laws and Regulations (Pick three of these).
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in 1996 and subsequent rules on privacy and security (2000)
CMS Security Standard
Confidentiality of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Patient Records
The Privacy Act of 1974
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
Background knowledge (Not from textbook)
“Healthcare informatics and nursing informatics are related fields within the broader domain of health informatics. While they share common goals and principles, the two have some key differences.
Healthcare Informatics: Healthcare informatics, also known as health informatics or medical informatics, is a field that focuses on the application of information technology and data science to improve healthcare delivery, patient outcomes, and population health management. It encompasses the use of technology, data, and information systems across various healthcare disciplines, including medicine, nursing, pharmacy, public health, and administration.
Healthcare informatics professionals work with a broad range of stakeholders, including physicians, nurses, administrators, researchers, and policymakers, to develop and implement strategies for capturing, managing, and analyzing healthcare data. They are involved in designing and implementing electronic health records (EHRs), health information exchanges (HIEs), clinical decision support systems, telehealth platforms, and other healthcare information systems. Their focus extends beyond nursing practice to encompass the entire healthcare ecosystem.
Nursing Informatics: Nursing informatics, on the other hand, is a specialized branch of healthcare informatics that specifically addresses the use of technology and information systems in nursing practice. It focuses on how nursing data, information, and knowledge are managed, analyzed, and utilized to support nursing processes and improve patient care.
Nursing informatics professionals, often registered nurses with additional training and expertise in informatics, collaborate with nurses, nursing administrators, and other healthcare professionals to implement technology solutions that enhance nursing workflow, documentation, and communication. They contribute to designing and optimizing nursing-specific applications within electronic health records, nursing care plans, nursing decision support systems, and other nursing informatics tools. Their work primarily revolves around the intersection of nursing science, information science, and computer science.
In summary, healthcare informatics encompasses a broader spectrum of healthcare disciplines and focuses on the application of technology and data science in healthcare, while nursing informatics is a specialized field within healthcare informatics that specifically addresses the use of technology and information systems in nursing practice.”