define probation and then discuss the five formal types of probation

Four cases significantly changed the juvenile justice system. Please indicate and briefly discuss each case and the safeguards that these cases eventually provided for juveniles (5 points).
Please define probation and then discuss the five formal types of probation (5 points).
ANSWER
**Four Cases That Significantly Changed the Juvenile Justice System**
**Gault v. Arizona (1967):** This case established the right of juveniles to due process in juvenile court proceedings. This means that juveniles have the right to an attorney, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to remain silent.
**In re Winship (1970):** This case established the requirement that proof of guilt in juvenile court proceedings must be beyond a reasonable doubt. This is the same standard of proof that is required in criminal court proceedings.
**Breed v. Jones (1975):** This case established the prohibition on the transfer of juveniles to criminal court without a hearing. This means that juveniles must be given a chance to show why they should not be transferred to criminal court before they can be transferred.
**Roper v. Simmons (2005):** This case established the prohibition on the execution of juveniles. This means that juveniles cannot be sentenced to death, even for the most serious crimes.
**Safeguards Provided for Juveniles**
The four cases listed above have provided juveniles with a number of important safeguards in the juvenile justice system. These safeguards include:
* **The right to due process:** Juveniles have the right to an attorney, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to remain silent in juvenile court proceedings.
* **The burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt:** Juveniles must be found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt before they can be adjudicated delinquent.
* **The prohibition on the transfer of juveniles to criminal court without a hearing:** Juveniles must be given a chance to show why they should not be transferred to criminal court before they can be transferred.
* **The prohibition on the execution of juveniles:** Juveniles cannot be sentenced to death, even for the most serious crimes.
**Definition of Probation**
Probation is a community-based sentence that allows an offender to remain in the community while under the supervision of a probation officer. Probation officers monitor the offender’s compliance with the conditions of probation, which may include things like staying out of trouble, meeting with the probation officer regularly, and paying restitution to victims.
**Five Formal Types of Probation**
The five formal types of probation are:
* **Unsupervised probation:** This type of probation does not involve any supervision by a probation officer. It is typically reserved for low-risk offenders.
* **Minimally supervised probation:** This type of probation involves limited supervision by a probation officer. It is typically reserved for offenders who are at a low to moderate risk of reoffending.
* **Moderately supervised probation:** This type of probation involves moderate supervision by a probation officer. It is typically reserved for offenders who are at a moderate to high risk of reoffending.
* **Intensively supervised probation (ISP):** This type of probation involves close supervision by a probation officer. ISP typically includes drug testing, home visits, and other requirements. ISP is typically reserved for high-risk offenders.
* **Split-sentence probation:** This type of probation involves a combination of probation and jail time. Offenders may serve a short period of jail time, followed by a period of probation. Split-sentence probation is typically reserved for offenders who are at a moderate to high risk of reoffending.
Probation is a valuable tool that can be used to help offenders reintegrate into the community and reduce their risk of reoffending.