You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending, refuting/correcti

You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts. each answer at least 150 words with intext citation from 1 academic source for each question.
uestion 1:
ANPs were granted authority to prescribe medications in the United States in the 1960’s. By 2005, 13 states and the District of Columbia authorized ANPs to independently prescribe, including controlled drugs. There are now 21 states in America deemed to have full practice authority. This authority includes prescriptive authority without mandated collaborative arrangements (Fong et al., 2015). In the United States the roles and responsibilities of the advanced nurse practitioners in prescribing vary. Advanced nurse practitioners (ANPs) are more commonly seen because of a decline in physicians and medical providers due to the aging population. There has been a demand in health care services in under privileged communities therefore making ANPs a growing specialization.
The implementation of ANPS serves to improve access to treatment; provide cost-effective care; target at-risk populations; provide outreach services in all settings but in particular outer metropolitan, rural, and remote communities; and provide mentorship and clinical expertise to other health professionals (Fong, Buckley, & Cashin, 2015). Although ANPs are granted authority to prescribe medications, each state has prescriptive authority which is regulated by the State Board of Nursing, Board of Pharmacy or Board of Physicians. Some states allow collaborative practice which is an agreement with a collaborating physician. Other states allow supervised practice which is practice under direct supervision by a physician. States that allow independent practice allow the ANPs to practice to their full scope including prescribing.
It is critical for the ANP to follow up with the patient after prescribing to reassess for any drug interactions, side effects or efficacy of the treatment. If the current prescribed medication is not successful, the ANP should then move to the second-line therapy and re-evaluate whether that medication was successful or not. Communication is extremely important between the ANP and the patient. This can help the ANP make a change in the current regimen or not. It is also important to factor patients’ socioeconomic status, living environment, or support systems when prescribing medications. If a medication is too expensive for a patient, they may not be able to purchase it therefore foregoing the regimen the ANP prescribed. The ANPs role and responsibility when it comes to prescribing medications begins by conducting a thorough clinical history and physical exam on a patient. After conducting this exam, the ANP can assess and diagnose in order to create a treatment plan for the patient. If the treatment plan calls for a prescription, the ANP will choose from a list of medications in a specific drug class which suits the patient based on the collected data such as allergies, side effects, medical history and current drug regimens. An integral part of the practitioner’s role and responsibility is educating the patient about drug therapy and its intended therapeutic effect, potential side effects, and strategies for dealing with possible adverse drug reactions (Poole Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013).
References
Fong, J., Buckley, T., & Cashin, A. (2015). Nursing: Research and Reviews. Nurse Practitioner Prescribing: an international perspective. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jacqueline_Fo…
Virginia, Poole Arcangelo and Andrew M. Peterson. Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice: A Practical Approach. Third. Ambler: Wolters Kluwer: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013.Ebook..
Question 2:
Advanced nurse practitioners play a crucial role in healthcare. Given the growing shortage of GPs in primary care, it gives patients a chance to receive timely care and avoid needless delays in receiving treatment. ANPs in community and primary care settings can forge enduring bonds with their patients and collaborate with them to promote maximum health. Advanced Nurse Practitioners are independent decision-makers who base their choices on evaluating, diagnosing, and interpreting test results (Maier, 2019). ANPs can independently recommend essential treatment, assess patients, or contact other specialists. This essay will focus on the roles and responsibilities of Advanced Nurse Practitioners in prescribing.
Nurses’ most crucial and exciting role is patient assessment and treatment of various illnesses. This entails history taking, physical examination, and conducting laboratory or imaging studies to develop a treatment. Advanced Nurse Practitioners can make conclusions based on their observations, analyses, and understanding of test outcomes (VandeWaa et al., 2020). They recommend both supportive and definitive drugs. Supportive medication includes analgesics for pain, antipyretics for fever, and intravenous fluids in case of burns or dehydration. The definitive management depends on the nursing diagnosis and can involve antibiotics, anticoagulants, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy in cancer patients. When selecting which medication to provide to a patient, the advanced nurse practitioner must consider several factors to avoid harming the patient and ensure the best possible outcome. These factors include the patient’s history of known food and drug allergies, the cost of the drug, side effects, and the patient’s ability to adhere and comply with the medication.
On the other hand, ANPs offer patients medication information such as the purpose of the drug, effects, side effects, name and qualities of the drug, how to respond to side effects, warnings, and instructions for administration. Patient education is a crucial part of the path of treatment. Patients risk under or overdosing when they do not carefully adhere to a prescription’s directions (VandeWaa et al., 2020). Before patients leave the office, ANPs should review any new prescription instructions and encourage them to always read the directions before taking their drugs. Also, nurses should remind patients that it is crucial to take their prescriptions exactly and to use any measuring tools that come with liquid drugs.
Additionally, ANPs should conduct risk–benefit analysis of the drug therapy chosen. Advanced nurse practitioners have been shown to give antibiotics more frequently than doctors. In order to minimize antibiotic resistance, the advanced nurse practitioner should exercise caution while deciding whether to give an antibiotic. Also, the nurses are required to evaluate whether the drug administered corresponds to the patient’s diagnosis (Maier, 2019). This should be coupled with patient education to advise them to avoid other medications during treatment. Proper analysis helps reduce the time needed to regain health and allows for efficient patient follow-up. Lastly, ANPs have a role in considering ethical and practical issues while prescribing medications. If the advanced nurse practitioner has obtained their Drug Addiction Treatment Act (DATA) 2000 waiver and is authorized to administer this drug by their state’s regulatory authority, they may do so legally.
In conclusion, the World Health Organization recommends a multi-step strategy for the prescription that can aid healthcare professionals in sharpening their treatment goals. The rules are still valid today despite being set in 2007. It shows that ANPS should analyze and specify the patient’s issue, identify the pharmacological therapy’s therapeutic goal, choose the proper medication, give patients information, cautions, and directions should be given to patients, maintain regular patient observation, keep drug prices in mind, and use the right tools, such as prescribing software and electronic drug references to prevent prescription errors.
References
Maier, C. B. (2019). Nurse prescribing of medicines in 13 European countries. Human Resources for Health, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-019-0429-6Links to an external site.
VandeWaa, E. A., & Dolan, C. (2020). Undefined. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 16(3), 186-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2019.12.014Links to an external site.