PLEASE RESPOND TO THIS POST INCLUDE REFERENCE PLEASE DON’T CRITIQUE 1. Explain

PLEASE RESPOND TO THIS POST INCLUDE REFERENCE PLEASE DON’T CRITIQUE
1. Explain the underlying pathophysiology associated with hypertensive conditions. What are the associated pathological complications?
Hardening arteries and reducing the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart, high blood pressure harms the heart. There are several known causes of hypertension such as renal illness, diabetes, chronic infections of the kidneys, and by obstructing or rupturing of arteries that provide blood and oxygen to the brain, the related pathological consequences of hypertension can also result in strokes in which lead to kidney disease which can result in kidney failure and is another risk factor for strokes (Harrison et al., 2021). The impairment of renal pressure natriuresis, a feedback mechanism by which high blood pressure causes an increase in salt and water excretion by the kidneys, which in turn causes a decrease in blood pressure, is a pathophysiological component of hypertension (Harrison et al., 2021). According to Harrison et al., most people with hypertension have it as a result of their genes or lifestyle choices like smoking or being overweight, but for about 10% of Americans, another illness is to blame in which the term “secondary hypertension” refers to hypertension that develops as a side effect of another medical illness (Harrison et al., 2021).
2. Detail a common congenital defect associated with the cardiovascular system of a pediatric patient.
Congenital heart disease, often known as a defect, describes one or more structural issues with the heart that exist from birth. When the heart or blood vessels don’t develop properly in pregnancy, certain problems take place. According to Rehman et al., in the United States, every year, eight out of every 1000 newborns are born with a cardiac abnormality in which certain congenital heart disease’s, particularly mild forms, have an increasing prevalence “defined as the proportion of infants born with a heart defect to all births”, although the prevalence of other types has remained stable (2022). Congenital heart disease frequently manifests as a ventricular septal defect (VSD) which is most common in pediatric patients’ and happens when there is a hole between the heart’s two pumping chambers of the left and right ventricles (Rehman et al., 2022). Blood frequently passes through the ventricular septal defect in newborns who have ventricular septal defects from the left ventricle to the right ventricle and then into the lungs. The heart and lungs must work harder to pump this additional blood into the lungs. Shortness of breath, rapid or hard breathing, paleness, an inability to gain weight, a rapid heartbeat, sweating while eating, and recurrent respiratory infections are all indications of a ventricular septal defect (Yuan et al., 2022). Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are typically not life-threatening because they typically close on their own or cause congestive heart failure symptoms, which can be surgically corrected in time to preserve the patient’s life if done before the age of two, in which a big ventricular septal defect can be repaired to avoid harm to the heart and lungs. If the damage is not fixed before the age of two, it is irreversible and gets worse with time (Yuan et al., 2022).
References
Harrison, D. G., Coffman, T. M., & Wilcox, C. S. (2021). Pathophysiology of Hypertension: The Mosaic Theory and Beyond. Circulation research, 128(7), 847–863. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318082
Rehman, Y., Wazir, H. D., Akbar, A., Khan, A. M., Hussain, I., Afridi, A., Gul, H., & Sadia, H. (2022). Congenital Heart Disease and Its Association in Children with Down Syndrome. Cureus, 14(9), e29176. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.29176
Yuan, Y., Pan, B., Liang, X., Lv, T., & Tian, J. (2022). Health-related quality of life in children with congenital heart disease following interventional closure versus minimally invasive closure. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 9, 974720. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.974720