You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending, refuting/correcti

You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts. each answer at least 150 words with intext citation from 1 academic source for each question.
Question 1:
The Purnell Model for Cultural Competence and its Relevance for Advanced Practice Nurse
According to Purnell (2013), all patients, despite their ethnicity, beliefs, or culture, are entitled to holistic, culturally competent therapeutic interventions, injury and disease prevention, health promotion, and health teaching. This can be achieved through the Purnell Model, which provides a systematic, comprehensive framework for learning and understanding culture. The model is based on assumptions that culture changes over time, information on cultural diversity is crucial to all health professions, no culture is better than the other, similarities and differences exist among cultures, and prejudices and biases can be reduced by understanding different cultures. The major concepts of the model include conscious competence, person, global society, family, and community. The twelve domains of culture involved in the model include biocultural ecology, workforce issues, spirituality, pregnancy and childbearing practices, health care practices, communication, high-risk behaviors, health care professionals, nutrition, overview, inhabited localities and topography, family roles, and organization and death rituals.
The Purnell Model is revolutionary in the advanced nursing practice. The model has proven successful in improving health professionals’ cultural competence, which enhances their service delivery to patients. The model has enabled APRNs to understand the significance of providing culturally sensitive care by learning and comprehending the different cultural attributes of various communities. According to research conducted by Abougami et al. (2016), the Purnell model was proven to provide a comprehensible basis on which health professionals can assess the patient’s cultural information to determine the most appropriate health interventions that align with their culture. This increased opportunities for compliance and approval by the client in receiving medical care, thus promoting positive health outcomes. Patients tend to accept medical treatment when the suggested interventions align with their cultural practices. When APRNs understand these practices and apply them in developing medical interventions, they ensure they are appropriate for their patients. When nurses understand a client’s culture, they are more inclined to collect accurate information about the client’s medical history, allowing them to provide care that aligns with their medical history and ensuring that the patient receives proper care interventions.
The Purnell model eradicates health-related racial and ethnic disparities, which can challenge a diverse society. According to Marzilli (2016), the minority population in the US is estimated to reach 54 percent of the total population by 2050. Without a proper understanding of the culturally significant factors of minority people, APRNs will be unable to provide competent care to these individuals, negatively impacting their overall health outcomes. A lack of understanding of diverse cultural practices can also influence disregard for patients from minority ethnic groups. The twelve domains of the Purnell model and its major concepts allow nurses to position clients within their respective personal, family, or community cultural settings, allowing them to provide competent care that respects the client’s traditions and cultural practices. Using the model framework as a guide helps nurses understand the unique cultural practices, values, attitudes, beliefs, and views of diverse populations, allowing the provision of personalized care, which boosts the patients healing process while eliminating biases and prejudice in the process.
References
Albougami, A. S., Pounds, K. G., & Alotaibi, J. S. (2016). Comparison of four cultural competence models in transcultural nursing: A discussion paper. International Archives of Nursing and Health Care, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.23937/2469-5823/1510053Links to an external site.
Marzilli, C. (2016). A Review of the Theoretical Framework of Culture and Value Applied to Nursing. International Journal of Nursing, 5(1). https://www.ijnonline.com/index.php/ijn/article/vi…
Question2:
The Purnell Model for Cultural Competence was designed in 1998 by Larry Purnell and Betty Paulanka. It was initially created as a way to arrange a framework for nursing students to use as a clinical assessment tool. Due to the model having a schematic combined with an organized framework and because it is applicable to all health care disciplines in all types of health care practices, it has been classified by some nurse theorists as complexity and holographic theory (Purnell, 2014). This model is presented in a diagram with parallel circles that signify facets of global society as well as the community, family, and person. The Purnell model includes twelve domains: overview or heritage, communication, family roles and organization, workforce issues, bio-cultural ecology, high-risk behaviors, nutrition, pregnancy, death rituals, spirituality, healthcare practices, and healthcare professionals” (Albougami, Pounds, & Alotaibi, 2018). The purpose of this model was to create cultural awareness for nurses and healthcare providers. It provides information regarding the origin of the country, effects of topography, economics, politics, reasons for emigration, educational status, and occupations. This model provides useful information regarding language and dialects, nonverbal communication cues, acceptable greetings, family roles, the meaning of food and rituals, as well as other health care practices pertaining to different cultures (“Purnell Model…”, 2013).
The Purnell Model for Cultural Competence is defined as an organizing framework that provides a foundation for nurse professionals’ understanding of patients’ cultural attributes. Because of this model, health care providers can correctly and appropriately interpret their patients experiences, visions, incitements, and attitudes toward health, health care delivery, and diseases (Albougami, Pounds, & Alotaibi, 2018). Due to increased globalization and travel, cultural competence as reflected in the Purnell Model may now be regarded as one of the most important nursing concepts. In the modern era, cultural diversity is also influenced by discrimination, socioeconomic conditions, wars, and political strife in a large number of countries around the world. Competent health care providers who understand their patients’ cultural beliefs, values, and practices have a better chance of appropriately interacting with them and providing effective and culturally acceptable care. This model has been used by nurses, doctors, and other healthcare providers in Belgium, Central American, Great Britain, Australia, South American, Sweden, Canada, and Korea. The model has also been translated into various languages and has become a major contribution to transcultural health care and especially in nursing (Purnell, 2014).
Advanced nurse practitioners should be aware of the cultural differences and traditions throughout the world. It not only makes you a well-rounded health care provider but it provides powerful insight on different types of patients and their backgrounds. Continuing to learn about people and their beliefs will help us to create strong relationships with patients which therefore will translate into optimal care and adherence to treatment. It provides insight on the country as well as the patient. It can be beneficial in treating a patient when you can understand the patient as a whole. Culture plays a huge role in how the patient eats or cares for themselves. Showing respect to a patient’s culture can help create more effective communication on how to treat the underlying cause. A patient will be more inclined to take advice if the practitioner shows interest in them and their beliefs and background. It can be the difference between a patient adhering to the new medication or nutrition regiment or continuing with their old habits that can be potentially a detriment to their health.
References
Albougami, A. S., Pounds, K. G., & Alotaibi, J. S. (2018). Comparison of four cultural competence models in transcultural nursing: International Archives of Nursing and Health Care, 2 (4), 1-5.
Purnell, L. D. (2014). Transcultural Health Care: A culturally competent approach. F.A. Davis.
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