Think of an abstract concept that is important for nursing—something like hope o

Think of an abstract concept that is important for nursing—something like hope or hopelessness or vulnerability. What sorts of empirical indicators might be useful to assess or measure the degree to which the “concept” was present in a situation? What would it require to develop reliable and valid measures for the concept?
our posts/responses should be substantive and should be referenced (2 journal references per discussion question). References should be within 10 years.