Category: Medicine

In a post of at least 500 words, address the following questions and provide evidence from the readings to support your claims.
(1) Successful eradication of smallpox is a singular triumph for disease prevention. Describe at least 3 characteristics of the smallpox virus that made eradication possible.
(2) The new vaccination technique developed by D A Henderson, the director of the smallpox eradication program, transformed vaccination methods. Describe the usual vaccination technique and the new smallpox ring vaccination technique that allowed virus eradication to occur.
Book: The burdens of disease on vitalsource

Introduction
Protein malnutrition is the disease diagnosed in the scenario, which occurs due to a lack of intake or absorption of protein (Olson et al., 2020). It leads to a deficiency of amino acids which perform some basic functions.
Role of Genetics
Genetic variations can alter the body’s absorption mechanism and protein metabolism (Masato et al., 2019). The enzymes responsible for protein absorption are sometimes impaired due to a genetic cause. As a result, malabsorption syndromes occur. However, in this patient’s case, several other factors, apart from genetics, directly contribute to the disease’s symptoms.
Reason for the Occurrence of Specific Symptoms
The patient is suffering from edema due to protein malnutrition. Proteins are essential in establishing an osmotic balance between tissues and blood vessels. Albumin has a role in retaining fluid in the vessels by applying osmotic pressure (Aldecoa et al., 2020). However, albumin and protein levels significantly drop during protein malnutrition, which lowers the osmotic pressure. Thus, the fluid is not retained and leaks into the surrounding areas, leading to edema.
Physiologic Response and Reason of Occurrence
In protein malnutrition, the amount of proteins decreases as a physiologic response (Atassi, 2019). And the reason of occurrence is that the body tries to fulfill its protein needs by breaking down the protein stores. The body’s needs are fulfilled by breaking protein from muscles and other tissues (Atassi, 2019). Eventually, the body’s protein stores deplete, leading to symptoms like edema.
Cells Involved in the Process
The following cells are involved in the process.
Hepatocytes for synthesizing albumin (Feng et al., 2022).
Muscle cells for breaking down protein to fulfill the body’s immediate needs.
Role of Other Characteristics
It is possible that the intensity or particular symptoms of protein deficiency could vary depending on another factor, such as gender or heredity. For instance, some genetic differences may make people more susceptible to malabsorption syndromes or interfere with their capacity to synthesize a particular protein. Additionally, differences in protein needs and metabolic rates between the sexes may affect how protein deficiency manifests and develops (Richter et al., 2019). However, in the described case, rather than particular genetic traits or gender, the patient’s symptoms are mostly related to their history of malabsorption condition and difficulties eating.
In conclusion, genetical variations may contribute to protein malnutrition but is not the primary factor causing the disease. Edema may occur as a symptom of protein malnutrition due to imbalance in osmotic pressure.

References
Aldecoa, C., Llau, J. V., Nuvials, X., & Artigas, A. (2020). Role of albumin in preserving endothelial glycocalyx integrity and the microcirculation: a review. Annals of Intensive Care, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-020-00697-1 Links to an external site.
Atassi, H. (2019, August 5). Protein-Energy Malnutrition: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology. Medscape.com. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1104623-overview Links to an external site.
Feng, R., Kan, K., Sticht, C., Li, Y., Wang, S., Liu, H., Shao, C., S Munker, Niess, H., Wang, S., Mayer, C., Liebe, R., Ebert, M. P., Dooley, S., Ding, H., & Weng, H. (2022). A hierarchical regulatory network ensures stable albumin transcriiption under various pathophysiological conditions. 76(6), 1673–1689. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.32414 Links to an external site.
Masato, A., Plotegher, N., Boassa, D., & Bubacco, L. (2019). Impaired dopamine metabolism in Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis. Molecular Neurodegeneration, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-019-0332-6 Links to an external site.
Olson, B., Marks, D. L., & Grossberg, A. J. (2020). Diverging metabolic programs and behaviors during starvation, protein malnutrition, and cachexia. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia, and Muscle, 11(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12630 Links to an external site.
Richter, M., Baerlocher, K., Bauer, J. M., Elmadfa, I., Heseker, H., Leschik-Bonnet, E., Stangl, G., Volkert, D., & Stehle, P. (2019). Revised reference values for the intake of protein. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism, 74(3), 242–250. https://doi.org/10.1159

please read the assignment description
list Medication I will Be using is
1) CARVEDILOL IS A BETE BLOCKER
2) CHLOPROMAZINE IS A ANTIPSYCHOTICS
3) FUROSEMIDE IS A DIURETIES
4) METAXALONE IS A SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXIANT
5) CYTOSTATICS IS A IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT

Life long commitment to learning
Academic rigor
Care for loved ones
Bring to medicine
Underserved
Affirm a Heart
Lay hands on the most vurneakbkf
Greatness lies in service
Mindfulness rigor
Compassion
Healer for the patients good
Medicine changes rapidly
Investment
Taking responsibility for pt
Chronic disease give my all
Make a difference in lives
Attn to details responsive to concerns
Knowledge and techn skills
Science and art is med
Good communication
Hear the voices of nurses and pts
Clinical reasoning backbone pt care
Document unique aspects of a day
Guide people to make decisions on their health
Open mind
Adversity and understanding humble

My shadowing experience has been in a primary care physician’s office. His population of patients has been of the older adult. I live in the state of Louisiana and the parish of St. Landry should you need to look up references (CDC; Population; Geographical area).

Please read the instructions and message me about the subject – it should relate to aesthetics for approval before starting. Please use suggested headings below and use APA referencing for all in text citations and end of text referencing being sure to include DOI for all end of text references.
Case studies provide students with the chance to conduct in-depth
research into real life situations and scenarios.
In this assignment, students are required to select a topical or
contentious issue relating to aesthetics. Students must identify and
summarise the various viewpoints relating to the topic from a
literature review and include two studies on the unit of the case
study, describing the research that has been used to support each
point of view.
Students should also attempt to identify and describe any common
failings or criticisms of the research.
Students should discuss and confirm their proposed case study with
the unit co-ordinator before the end of Week 8.
Word length 2,000 words, inclusive of in-text referencing. 10% over
or under is not accepted.
Case study analysis report
What is it?
The purpose of a case study is to apply the concepts and theories you have learnt about in class to a real life situation or scenario. A case study requires you to identify and research problems and issues and make recommendations for solutions.
How do I write it?
You are being asked to choose a topical (current) or contentious (causing argument) issue relating to aesthetics. You need to identify and summarise the various points of view relating to the topic. To do this, you need to review the literature in general and include a detailed literature review of 2 studies on the specific subject of your chosen issue.
When reviewing literature, you need to summarise the research findings so far, compare and contrast them, and evaluate the quality of the research by identifying the strengths and weaknesses.
As this case study is in the form of a report, it should be organised into sections with headings. The headings should be based on your assessment question.
Step 1: Highlight the key words in the assessment question.
Step 2: Choose an issue relating to aesthetics that particularly interests you. Brainstorm some possible issues you could explore and choose one that you can find plenty of information about. You should check your topic with your facilitator by the end of week 8.
Step 2: Divide 2000 words into how many paragraphs you will need (approx. 15 paragraphs, so 13 body paragraphs plus introduction and conclusion).
Suggested structure:
Heading
Content under heading

Introduction
See video resource Writing 1: Structure found here: https://learn.achw.edu.au/mod/page/view.php?id=61

Summary (1 paragraph)
Provide a summary of your chosen issue and define any key terms. What is the issue? What makes it important/contentious?

Main heading: Literature review (12 paragraphs)
You can use subheadings to help you organise your content.
Summarise and compare recent research findings relevant to this topic in general.
Be sure to include 2 recent studies that specifically relate to your issue.
To help you write about each study, use these questions as a guide:
What was the purpose of each study?
What methods were used to carry out the research?
What were the main findings of each study?
What conclusions did the researchers come to?
What were the strengths of these findings? What makes them important and valuable?
What were the limitations (weaknesses) of the studies?

Be sure to compare and contrast the studies throughout this section. In what ways were they similar and different? Which studies are most valuable? Why?

Conclusion
See video resource Writing 1: Structure found here: https://learn.achw.edu.au/mod/page/view.php?id=61

Be sure not to include any new information in the conclusion. Therefore, you do not include referencing either.

You should include future implications and recommendations for further study. What needs to be explored in order for this issue to be resolved/become clearer?

References – APA end of text and in text referencing
Appropriate for 2000 words: 15 references. You can have more if you wish.

Please note: You cannot give personal opinions in this assessment, or use language such as ‘I think…’ or “I feel…’ Your information needs to come from reliable academic sources and be referenced correctly.

Microbes can have a major impact on a person’s digestive tract.
Choose a current research article discusses the potential health effects of probiotics in a person’s diet.
To locate articles, you may use https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ or LIRN Library.

-Share your article’s findings with the class.
•Include whether or not your article supports the use of probiotics or was against the use of probiotics.
•Share whether or not you agree with the findings from the article. Explain your answer.

Include the following items in your presentation
• Descriiptive epidemiology in the world and in the region
• Risk factors of tobacco use among adolescents
• Prevention including individual and community-based intervention

The purpose of the assignment is to identify behaviors and interactions that commonly occur during the health history interview of a well-child exam and develop strategies to improve anticipatory guidance and health education by using effective, non-biased, and nonjudgmental communication.
Please use USA based scholarly sources no older than 5 years and follow exact rubric requirements

Respond to at least two of your colleagues on 2 different days and respectfully agree or disagree with your colleague’s assessment and explain your reasoning. In your explanation, include why their explanations make physiological sense or why they do not.
Below is the case scenario and colleague assessment
Case Scenario:
An 83-year-old resident of a skilled nursing facility presents to the emergency department with generalized edema of extremities and abdomen. History obtained from staff reveals the patient has a history of malabsorption syndrome and difficulty eating due to lack of dentures. The patient has been diagnosed with protein malnutrition.
Colleague assessment post
Protein Malnutrition
Malnutrition, which literally means bad nutrition, is a term used to describe excess and deficiency in essential nutrients needed for good health. Protein energy malnutrition is the most severe form of undernutrition affecting children mostly. Kwashiorkor and marasmus are the two known types.
Protein energy malnutrition can occur as a sudden, total (starvation) or gradual illness. Some clinical manifestations can be muscle wasting, edema, hair loss, and skin atrophy. Impairment of multiple organ systems can occur as well (Morley, 2022).
In those suffering marasmus and kwashiorkor, there is impairment of cell-mediated immunity which causes increased susceptibility to infections which in turn leads to the release of cytokines. Cytokines causes anorexia which leads to increased muscle wasting and a marked reduction in serum albumin levels (Morley, 2022).
In the case study presented, the patient has developed this condition due to a lack of dentures and a preexisting condition which is malabsorption syndrome. Due to this condition, if a patient consume some protein, the small intestines are unable to absorb either the macronutrients, micronutrients, or both. The small intestines are implicated because there is where the microvilli existing on a substantial surface where it can absorb nutrients (Zuvarox & Belletieri, 2022). Protein malnutrition occurrence is affected by different situations, like social economic status, famine, and draught in certain geographical locations like Africa and so on.
Role of Genetics in Protein Malnutrition
Malnutrition is a complex disorder and can occur due to genetic polymorphisms which affects absorption of nutrients and metabolism. In patients with chronic malnutrition, patients might develop gene expression and problems with genome stability which can result in gene sequence mutations at the chromosomal levels (Ahmed, 2009).
Physiologic Response to the Stimulus
This patient had a preexisting history of malabsorption syndrome. In patients with malabsorption syndromes, there is inadequate assimilation of dietary substances due to defects in digestion, absorption, or transport. Malabsorption can affect macronutrients (e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, fats), micronutrients (e.g., vitamins, minerals), or both, causing excessive fecal excretion, nutritional deficiencies, and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (Malik, 2023). Malabsorption makes it difficult to absorb necessary nutrients in the small intestine, such as proteins (Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation, 2022). Over time, signs of malnutrition will appear. Macronutrient undernutrition can look like protein malnutrition.
Patient Presentation of Symptoms (Edema)
This patient is presenting with edema because albumin is an essential protein and is the largest component of blood which is needed to maintain adequate osmotic pressure and maintain fluid balance thereby preventing fluid retention (Stuhldreher, 2022). Albumin formed from dietary protein is necessary to maintain intravascular volume and the return of fluid from the interstitial space back into the vascular compartment. In such disease state, there is increase in capillary permeability which allows fluids to leave the intravascular compartment, which then accumulates in the interstitial space and when permeability increases, plasma proteins also shift into interstitial space from the vascular space, thereby reducing the osmotic pressure there and increasing the pressure in the interstitial space. This lowers the rate of fluid return causing edema (Hamdi, Doman & Doman, 2022). The extreme lack of protein means albumin is insufficient which causes osmotic imbalance in the GI system leading to swelling of the intestinal tract which further impairs absorption, a large protuberant belly and edema from passive hepatic congestion.
Cells Involved in the Process
Protein malnutrition can impair hemopoiesis and immune cells production and function. Lympho-hemopoietic tissues have high metabolic demand, thereby requiring a great amount of nutrient supply, hence they are the most affected in protein malnutrition. There is a reduction in T cell counts, CD4 counts being the most affected than CD8. In vitro T cell function in response to mitogens and antigens and in vivo delayed type hypersensitivity are also impaired (Medici, 2003), (De Bandt, 2015), (Iyer, et. al., 2013).
Influence of other Characteristics
Social determinants of health (SDOH) are those conditions socioeconomic status, especially with low-income earners can influence the risk of protein malnutrition. Even if a child survives the ordeal and returns back to that living condition and environment, protein malnutrition will return. Patients who experience repeated episodes of this health condition usually have high mortality rates (Stuhldreher, 2022).

References
Ahmed, T., Haque, R., Shamsir Ahmed, A. M., Petri, W. A., Jr, & Cravioto, A. (2009). Use of metagenomics to understand the genetic basis of malnutrition. Nutrition reviews, 67 Suppl 2, S201–S206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00241.x
Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation. (2022). Malnutrition and IBD. https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/diet-and-nutrition/malnutrition-and-ibd
De Bandt, J. P. (2015). Comprendre la physiopathologie de la denutrition pour mieux la traiter [Understanding the pathophysiology of malnutrition for better treatment]. Annales pharmaceutiques francaises, 73(5), 332-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/l.pharma.2015.03.002
Hamdy, R. C., M. D., Doman, M. R., M. D., & Doman, K. H. (2022). Edema. Magill’s Medical Guide (Online Edition).
Iyer, S. S., Chatraw, J. H., Tan, W. G., Wherry, E. J., Becker, T. C., Ahmed, R., Kapasi, Z. F. (2013). Protein Energy Malnutrition Impairs Homeostatic Proliferation of Memory CD8 T Cells. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3244573/
Malik, Z. (2023). Overview of Malabsorption. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/malabsorption-syndromes/overview-of-malabsorption
Medici, E. (2003). Liver|Nutritional Management of Liver and Biliary Disorders. Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition (2nd Ed.). https://sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/protein-calorie-malnutrition
Morley, J. E. (2022). Protein-Energy Undernutrition (PEU). Saint Louis University School of Medicine. https://msdmanuals.com/professional/nutritional-disorders/undernutrition
Stuhldreher, W. L., PhD. (2022). Malnutrition. Magill’s Medical Guide (Online Edition).
Suvero, T., & Belletieri, C. (2022). Malabsorption Syndromes. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.