Category: Psychology and Education : Psychology

Complete a literature review to support your hypothetical behavior analytic study.
Provide the APA citations of the studies you found.
Identify the dependent variable in each study.
This should be your selected targeted behavior.
Describe the implementation of the independent variable.
This should be the intervention or interventions used.
Identify the single-subject design in each study. Describe the data collection procedure and interobserver agreement (IOA) method used.
Describe the internal, external, and social validity of each study. Describe the conclusions to each study, including the effectiveness of the interventions.
These are the elements you will be writing for your hypothetical behavior analytic study, so it is important to pay attention to the details so that you understand how to write and structure your assignments.

How have historians tended to define “politics” over the course of American history? When and why have these definitions changed and varied? What impact do these definitions have on how historians have approached and written about the nation’s past?
ANSWER
Historians have defined “politics” in a variety of ways over the course of American history. These definitions have changed and varied over time in response to the evolving nature of American society and the changing priorities of the historical profession.
**Early definitions of politics**
Early American historians tended to define politics narrowly as the study of government and political institutions. This focus was reflected in the works of historians such as George Bancroft and John Bach McMaster, who wrote multi-volume histories of the American government.
**Expanding definitions of politics**
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, historians began to expand their definition of politics to include social and economic issues. This shift was influenced by the rise of new social science disciplines such as sociology and economics. Historians such as Charles Beard and Vernon Louis Parrington argued that political history could not be understood without also considering social and economic forces.
**The new political history**
In the 1960s and 1970s, a new generation of historians emerged who challenged traditional approaches to political history. These historians, who were often influenced by the civil rights movement and the Vietnam War, argued that politics should be defined more broadly to include all aspects of human power and conflict. They also argued that historians should focus on the experiences of marginalized groups, such as women, African Americans, and working-class people.
**Contemporary definitions of politics**
Today, historians continue to define politics in a variety of ways. Some historians focus on the study of government and political institutions, while others focus on social and economic issues, culture, or identity. There is no single definition of politics that is universally accepted by historians.
**Impact of definitions on historical writing**
The different definitions of politics have had a significant impact on how historians have approached and written about the nation’s past. Historians who define politics narrowly tend to focus on the activities of elites, such as politicians and government officials. Historians who define politics more broadly tend to focus on the experiences of a wider range of people and on a wider range of issues.
For example, a historian who defines politics narrowly might write a book about the presidency of Abraham Lincoln, focusing on Lincoln’s political decisions and his interactions with other government officials. A historian who defines politics more broadly might write a book about the Civil War era, focusing on the experiences of ordinary people, such as soldiers, slaves, and women.
The different definitions of politics have also led to different schools of historical thought. For example, the traditional school of political history focuses on the study of government and political institutions. The new political history, which emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, focuses on the experiences of marginalized groups and on the role of social and economic forces in shaping political outcomes.
**Conclusion**
The definition of politics has evolved over time in response to the changing nature of American society and the changing priorities of the historical profession. The different definitions of politics have had a significant impact on how historians have approached and written about the nation’s past.

How and why have certain Americans tended to view themselves and their nation as “exceptional”? How has this notion shaped American culture, politics and economics?
ANSWER
The idea of American exceptionalism is a belief that the United States is unique and distinct from other nations in various ways, often emphasizing its superiority or special destiny. This notion has been influential in shaping American culture, politics, and economics. Here’s how and why certain Americans have tended to view themselves and their nation as exceptional, and the resulting impacts:
**1. Historical Roots:**
– **Puritan Belief:** Early American settlers, particularly the Puritans, believed they were chosen by God to create a “city upon a hill,” a shining example for the rest of the world to follow. This sense of religious exceptionalism laid the foundation for broader notions of American exceptionalism.
**2. Geographic Isolation:**
– **Vast Land and Natural Resources:** The abundance of natural resources and the vast size of the North American continent contributed to a sense of exceptionalism. Americans believed they had limitless opportunities for growth and prosperity.
**3. Political Exceptionalism:**
– **Democratic Experiment:** The American Revolution and the creation of the United States marked a significant departure from monarchies and aristocracies. The democratic experiment of self-governance fueled the idea that America was exceptional in its commitment to individual freedoms and democracy.
**4. Economic Exceptionalism:**
– **Free Market Capitalism:** The U.S. embraced capitalism and a free-market economy, leading to unprecedented economic growth and wealth creation. The American Dream, the belief that anyone can achieve success through hard work, has been central to this economic exceptionalism.
**5. Cultural Exceptionalism:**
– **Cultural Diversity:** The United States is often described as a melting pot, a nation of immigrants who brought diverse cultures and perspectives. This cultural diversity is seen as a source of strength and vitality, contributing to a sense of exceptionalism.
**6. Military and Technological Power:**
– **Military Dominance:** The United States emerged as a global superpower after World War II, contributing to a belief in American exceptionalism as a guardian of democracy and global stability.
– **Technological Innovation:** American innovation and technological advancements, from the Industrial Revolution to the Information Age, have reinforced the notion that the U.S. leads the world in progress and development.
**Impacts on American Culture, Politics, and Economics:**
**1. Political Influence:**
– **Foreign Policy:** American exceptionalism has influenced U.S. foreign policy decisions, sometimes leading to interventions in other nations to spread democracy and protect perceived American interests.
– **National Identity:** Exceptionalism has shaped the American national identity, emphasizing values such as individualism, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
**2. Economic Ideals:**
– **Capitalism:** The belief in economic exceptionalism has fueled support for a free-market capitalist system, emphasizing limited government intervention and entrepreneurial spirit.
– **Consumer Culture:** The idea of limitless opportunity and prosperity has contributed to a consumer culture, where the pursuit of material wealth is seen as a hallmark of success.
**3. Cultural Diversity:**
– **Cultural Exchange:** The embrace of cultural diversity has enriched American society, leading to a vibrant exchange of ideas, traditions, and innovations.
– **Challenges:** However, exceptionalism has sometimes led to challenges in acknowledging and addressing issues related to racial and social inequality.
**4. Political Divides:**
– **Political Ideologies:** American exceptionalism has been interpreted differently across the political spectrum, with conservatives and liberals often emphasizing different aspects of exceptionalism in their policy positions.
In summary, American exceptionalism is a complex and enduring belief that has shaped the nation’s identity, values, and actions. While it has contributed to positive aspects of American society, it has also generated debates and tensions, particularly in how it is interpreted and applied in the realms of foreign policy, economics, and social justice.

create powerpoint slides for implementing a law enforcement assisted diversion program, including what the program is, how law enforcement officers can refer into the program, and what they can expect the participant to work on while engaged. also include information on expectations/limitations of the program, what charges can be referred in.

Watch one of the TEDtalk videos for each topic, based on your interests. In your initial post, describe key points that you learned from video and discuss how you can apply what you learned from the video. APA Style References are required. References used may be from the textbook, videos, and other sources provided or that you utilize to answer your discussion questions. In addition, you should discuss how you can apply what you learned. The initial post must be a minimum of 300 words and are due by 11:59 pm on Wednesdays.
Topic A: Consciousness, Sensation, and Perception (Chapters 3 & 4)
Anil Seth: Your brain hallucinates your conscious reality. TED2017 (17:01 min)
Antonio Damasio: The quest to understand consciousness. TED2011 (18:36 min)
David Eagleman: Can we create new senses for humans? TED2015 (20:35 min)
Topic B: Life Span Development (Chapter 9)
Dan Gilbert: The psychology of your future self. TED2014 (6:46 min)
BJ Miller: What really matters at the end of life. TED2015 (19:08 min)

THE ANSWER

I watched the TED talk “Your brain hallucinates your conscious reality” by Anil Seth. In this talk, Seth discusses the latest research on consciousness and how our brains create our sense of reality. He argues that our brains are constantly filling in the gaps in our sensory information, and that this process of “hallucination” is essential for our survival.

One of the key points that I learned from this talk is that our brains are not passive receivers of sensory information. Instead, they are actively constructing our reality. This means that our perception of the world is not always accurate, and that it can be influenced by our expectations, beliefs, and emotions.

Another key point that I learned is that consciousness is not a single thing. It is a complex phenomenon that involves many different brain regions and processes. There is no single definition of consciousness, and it is still not fully understood.

I found this talk to be very thought-provoking and it has challenged my understanding of consciousness. I think that the idea that our brains are constantly hallucinating our reality is fascinating and it has made me think more about the nature of perception and reality.

I can apply what I learned from this talk in a number of ways. For example, I can be more aware of the fact that my perception of the world is not always accurate. I can also be more mindful of the way that my expectations, beliefs, and emotions can influence my perception. This awareness can help me to make more informed decisions and to avoid being misled by my own biases.

In addition, I can use this knowledge to help others understand the nature of consciousness. I can share this talk with friends and family and discuss the implications of Seth’s research. This can help to raise awareness of the latest research on consciousness and to promote a more informed understanding of this complex phenomenon.

APA Style References

Seth, A. (2017, March 14). Your brain hallucinates your conscious reality. TED. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/anil_seth_your_brain_hallucinates_your_conscious_reality
I would also like to watch the TED talk “The quest to understand consciousness” by Antonio Damasio. I am interested in learning more about the different theories of consciousness and the latest research in this area.

Assignment Response: (Provide complete and thorough responses to the following questions)
You have been chosen to develop a question for the 2024 Presidential Election. For the purposes of this assignment, let’s assume the election is between Joe Biden (Democrat) and Donald Trump (Republican). (Let’s avoid personal political opinions!) Write a question for the survey that demonstrates “survey bias.” (Be sure to view the video.) For example: “If Joe Biden was prosecuted for an illegal financial relationship with China, would you vote for him?” Or, “Despite Donald Trump’s recent charges for attempts to manipulate the last election, will you vote for him in 2024?
Explain why your question demonstrated bias.
Write an unbiased question regarding the election.
If surveyors only called during the day, how might the survey skew the results? Would the results favor the Democratic nominee, or the Republican nominee? Why?
Do you suppose survey organizations would use surveying techniques to skew the results? Why or why not?
Submit responses by selecting “submit

How has the young adulthood life cycle stage changed for the most recent generation? What are the potential causes of these changes and how do they influence therapy?
How would you characterize young adulthood as a transition for the family?
Clinical Reflection :
As a future therapist, what are some of the specific lessons learned this week that you can apply to your counseling approach? What are some of the dimensions of diversity and social injustice that may change or affect your future work as they relate to the reading and your personal reflection on the weekly topic?
ANSWER
* **Changes in young adulthood life cycle stage for the most recent generation:**
* The young adulthood life cycle stage has changed for the most recent generation in a number of ways. One of the biggest changes is that young people are now taking longer to reach traditional milestones, such as getting married, having children, and buying a home. This is due to a number of factors, including rising costs of living, increasing student loan debt, and the changing nature of the workforce.
* Another change in the young adulthood life cycle stage is that young people are now more likely to live with their parents for longer periods of time. This is due to a number of factors, including the economic downturn, the rising cost of housing, and the changing cultural norms around living arrangements.
* Finally, young people today are more likely to experience a period of emerging adulthood, which is a time of exploration and identity development that can last until the mid-twenties or even early thirties. This is due to a number of factors, including the increasing complexity of the world, the expansion of educational opportunities, and the growing number of options available to young people.
* **Potential causes of these changes and how they influence therapy:**
* The potential causes of the changes in the young adulthood life cycle stage are complex and multifaceted. Some of the factors that may have contributed to these changes include the economic downturn, the rising cost of living, the changing nature of the workforce, and the changing cultural norms around living arrangements.
* These changes can have a significant impact on therapy. For example, young people who are living with their parents for longer periods of time may be struggling to achieve independence and establish their own identity. Young people who are experiencing emerging adulthood may be feeling uncertain about their future and may be struggling to make decisions about their life path.
* Therapists can help young people who are struggling with these changes by providing them with support and guidance. Therapists can also help young people to develop coping skills and to make decisions about their future.
* **Young adulthood as a transition for the family:**
* Young adulthood is a time of major transition for both the young person and their family. The young person is becoming independent and establishing their own identity, while the family is adjusting to the loss of their child.
* This transition can be difficult for both the young person and the family. The young person may be feeling overwhelmed by the new responsibilities of adulthood, while the family may be feeling sad and empty.
* Therapists can help families to cope with the transition to young adulthood by providing them with support and education. Therapists can also help families to communicate with each other and to establish new relationships.
* **Clinical reflection:**
* As a future therapist, I can apply the lessons learned this week to my counseling approach by being mindful of the unique challenges faced by young adults in today’s world. I can also create a safe and supportive space for young adults to explore their identity and to make decisions about their future.
* Some of the dimensions of diversity and social injustice that may change or affect my future work as they relate to the reading and my personal reflection on the weekly topic include:
* The increasing diversity of the population: I need to be aware of the unique challenges faced by young adults from different cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds.
* The changing nature of the workforce: I need to be aware of the challenges faced by young adults who are entering a workforce that is increasingly complex and competitive.
* The rising cost of living: I need to be aware of the challenges faced by young adults who are struggling to afford housing, healthcare, and other basic necessities.
* The changing cultural norms around living arrangements: I need to be aware of the changing cultural norms around living arrangements and how this may affect young adults.
I believe that the most important thing for me to do as a future therapist is to be open-minded and respectful of all young people, regardless of their background or circumstances. I also need to be willing to learn about the unique challenges faced by young adults in today’s world.

In what ways has the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted and exacerbated poverty, and what lessons can be learned from the pandemic response to better address poverty in the future?

THE ANSWER

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted and exacerbated poverty in a number of ways.

The pandemic has led to job losses and economic hardship for many people. This has pushed more people into poverty, especially those who were already vulnerable, such as people living in informal settlements or those with disabilities.
The pandemic has also disrupted access to essential services, such as healthcare and education. This has made it harder for people living in poverty to get the help they need.
The pandemic has also increased the cost of living, as the prices of food, shelter, and other necessities have gone up. This has made it even harder for people living in poverty to make ends meet.
The lessons that can be learned from the pandemic response to better address poverty in the future include:

The need to protect the most vulnerable people from the economic impacts of the pandemic. This includes providing them with financial assistance, access to essential services, and support to help them get back on their feet.
The need to invest in social safety nets that can help to protect people from poverty in the event of future shocks. This includes programs such as unemployment insurance, food stamps, and housing assistance.
The need to address the root causes of poverty, such as inequality, discrimination, and lack of access to education and healthcare.
By learning from the pandemic response, we can build a more equitable and just world where everyone has the opportunity to live a prosperous life.

Here are some specific examples of how the pandemic has highlighted and exacerbated poverty:

In the United States, the number of people living in poverty increased by 10 million between 2020 and 2021.
In India, the poverty rate is estimated to have increased by 10% due to the pandemic.
In sub-Saharan Africa, the number of people living in extreme poverty is projected to increase by 28 million by 2022.
These are just a few examples of the many ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated poverty. It is important to remember that poverty is not just a problem for developing countries. It is a problem that affects people all over the world, and it is a problem that we need to work together to solve.

Provide the APA citations of the studies you found.
Identify the dependent variable in each study.
This should be your selected targeted behavior.
Describe the implementation of the independent variable.
This should be the intervention or interventions used.
Identify the single-subject design in each study.
Describe the data collection procedure and interobserver agreement (IOA) method used.
Describe the internal, external, and social validity of each study.
Describe the conclusions to each study, including the effectiveness of the interventions.
These are the elements you will be writing for your hypothetical behavior analytic study, so it is important to pay attention to the details so that you understand how to write and structure your assignments