Category: Psychology homework help

After reading Contemporary Issue Box 9.6, respond to the question “Is Alcohol Use a Disorder?” Your response must demonstrate an understanding of a disorder per definition. Include in your response your thoughts of how society can best address the controversary. Please note there is no right or wrong answer to the question, but rather an academic response based on facts as interpreted by you the student and future treatment professional. Respond in an APA format with at least one journal article to support your position

After an assessment is completed, the counselor should use the results of the assessment to develop a treatment plan. Which information would you use to develop that plan?

Respond to two colleagues by:
Comparing the threats of internal validity they chose with the ones you chose
Suggesting ways in which one of their identified threats could be eliminated or its effects reduced when conducting a study
1- jasmine

What is the difference between internal and external validity?
According to the text, the difference between Internal validity and external validity is that internal validity refers to the amount of confidence the researcher has that only exposure to the independent variable produced changes in the defendant variable and that there are no other factor that accounted for those changes and external validity refers to numbers and characteristics of the cases that were studied and the findings are believed to look beyond cases that were actually studied to their population.
Select two internal validity threats and describe each.
Two internal validity threats are history and testing effects. In regards to History, an event can occur during the research study that can have a major effect on the dependent variable which can change the outcome and the information that you are trying to obtain. The testing effects are a threat as the use of pretest to measure the dependent variable may result in a change of measurements of the variable.
After examining each category and list of designs, determine which design controls for all threats to internal validity. Explain how this design controls all threats.
One way to control for all threats to internal validity is Random Assignment. “A highly desirable effect of random assignment is that, if performed correctly (and a reasonable large sample size is used), it will control for the effects of all cofounding variables, even those whose existence we have no reason to suspect. This is why random assignment is such an important feature of experimental designs”. (Yegidis et al., 2018)
Reference
2- jo

Internal validity refers to the degree to which an experimental design has controlled for confounding variables. If a study has internal validity, it means the effect on the dependent variable was actually caused by the independent variable and not by some other factor. Establishing internal validity is a pre-requisite for determining that the relationship between the variables is indeed causal and not merely associative or correlative.
External validity is the extent to which the research results apply to everybody, not just a specific group of people. This is also referred to as broad generalizability. For example, a study conducted on people in only one neighborhood would not necessarily apply to everyone who lives in that city. Researchers naturally want to be able to put everyone in a category because that creates less confusion. It might be tempting to say that a study applies to all Pacific Islanders, but this fails to account for the differences between the large number of groups who identify as Pacific Islanders. The external validity of a study is measured by degrees. In other words, you cannot definitively state that a study either has external validity or it does not. The question is rather – how much external validity does the study have?
There are numerous threats to internal validity, and I will discuss two of them here. One threat is referred to as testing effect. This can occur in studies where a pre-test and a post-test are given. The study participant will remember the first test, creating bias in how they answer the second test. Another threat is lack of sample comparability. This means that the experimental and control groups are not similar enough to state that the independent variable led to the effects on the dependent variable. If the two groups are not similar to begin with, there is no reason to assume that the independent variable caused changes seen in the experimental group.
The rigorous design of truly experimental research controls for confounding variables by the process of random assignment of participants to either experimental or control groups. Participants are selected from a very large group, with each member of the group having an equal chance of being selected for the study. This prevents sampling bias and assures that the results of the study truly are representative of the entire population. Randomly assigning participants also controls for any unseen variables.

This week, you will continue to populate the Psychology Theories Template and add cognitive theories to your chart. As you continue populating your template, consider the following:
Identify who or what contributed to the development of the theory. Were there key researchers or seminal research that led to the theory?
Record whether the theory emphasizes nature (biology), nurture (environment), or both.
List the primary characteristics or features of the theory (its key tenets and concepts). Be sure to include if a particular period of life is emphasized.
List the noteworthy strengths and weaknesses of the theory.
(Optional) Include any notes that you find helpful in understanding and applying the theory, such as potential contemporary themes or fields of research in which the theory could be applied.

One critical part of a leader’s role is ethics and integrity. As you prepare your action plan, consider the ethics of leadership. Effective leaders inspire trust through their behaviors and personal integrity. Consider some of the characteristics of your own ethical behaviors and leadership integrity, and add this section to your Leadership Style Action Plan this week.
Write about the 2 most important values of leadership: ethics and integrity.
How will you maintain high standards of integrity as a leader?

Read the article on “Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders” and write three paragraphs on your understanding of the changes as it pertains to substance use disorders. One paragraph consists of 5 sentences.
ANSWER
The DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) made several changes to the diagnosis of substance use disorders (SUDs). The most significant change was the combination of substance abuse and substance dependence into a single diagnosis called SUD. This change was made to reflect the fact that SUDs are a spectrum disorder, with varying levels of severity.
Another significant change was the removal of the requirement for “legal” substances to be included in the diagnosis of SUDs. This change was made to reflect the fact that addiction can occur to both legal and illegal substances.
The DSM-5 also made changes to the criteria for diagnosing SUDs. For example, the DSM-5 now requires only two criteria to be met for a diagnosis of mild SUD, three criteria for moderate SUD, and four criteria for severe SUD. This change was made to make the diagnosis of SUDs more consistent with other mental disorders.
The changes to the diagnosis of SUDs in the DSM-5 are important because they reflect the current understanding of addiction. The new diagnosis is more inclusive and accurate, and it better reflects the spectrum of severity of SUDs.
Here is a paragraph on how these changes pertain to substance use disorders:
The changes to the diagnosis of SUDs in the DSM-5 have several implications for the treatment of SUDs. First, the new diagnosis is more inclusive, meaning that more people will be eligible for treatment. This is important because early intervention is essential for successful treatment of SUDs.
Second, the new diagnosis is more accurate, meaning that people will be more likely to receive the appropriate level of care. This is important because different levels of care are needed for different severities of SUDs.
Third, the new diagnosis is more consistent with other mental disorders, meaning that it will be easier to integrate SUD treatment with treatment for other mental disorders. This is important because many people with SUDs also have other mental disorders.
The changes to the diagnosis of SUDs in the DSM-5 are a positive development for the treatment of SUDs. The new diagnosis is more inclusive, accurate, and consistent with other mental disorders. These changes will make it easier for people with SUDs to get the help they need.

Provide a real-life example of informational social influences impacting a person’s decision or behavior. Provide a real-life example of normative social influences impacting a person’s decision or behavior. Can the influence of conformity, compliance, or obedience be decreased? How would this impact the situations you identified?

After studying the module content and the suggested resources, present a social situation or scenario where a solution based on the different philosophical frameworks of social justice could be developed.
Instructions
Support your answer using the material you have studied and additional resources you source from your additional research. Be sure to use credible, academic sources.
Contribute a minimum of 5 pages, including at least ten academic sources, formatted and cited in APA.

Training Evaluation
Suppose you have developed a plan for training customer service skills for a local retail store. Using your training plan from the develop a training evaluation plan addressing each of the four levels of Kirkpatrick’s model. What specific criteria would you assess in your evaluation? How could you use data analytics when evaluating the training program?

Below is a 5 minute meditation video. Do the exercise then discuss how you felt during the meditation. Did it help? Why or why not? What were some challenges for you if any? Would you do it again?
link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ssss7V1_eyA&feature=youtu.be
400 words
APA format