Category: Psychology

In this module, you learned about the main psychological domains and also covered some of
the main perspectives in psychology. Think about some of the various perspectives you learned
about (including psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitive psychology, humanism, and the
biological approach), and explain how an alien psychologist from another planet might explain
the following human behaviors:
1. Why do people cut or shave hair from their bodies (and why does it vary by sex, age,
groups, etc.)?
2. Why do children in an elementary school walk in a line when going to class?
3. Why are people physically aggressive towards each other (and why might males might
be observed doing so more than females)?
Explain each of the three behaviors with a DIFFERENT perspective. Give a well-founded
explanation of how a psychologist would explain that behavior from that particular
perspective.
4. Next, write a summary paragraph about which psychological perspective most
resonates with you, and why. If you were to practice psychology someday, either as a
therapist, counselor, teacher, researcher, or in some other capacity, which perspective
do you think you might emphasize?

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Wk 1 – Behaviorism and Learning Reflection [due Mon]
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Assignment Content
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When first learning about behaviorism and learning, it is important to recognize the concepts of these foundational principles in our lives. This assignment will help you to become familiar with the theories of behavior that form the foundation for our learning experiences.
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Write a 350- to 700-word reflection on behaviorism and learning in your life. In your paper, ensure you:
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Describe 2 to 3 examples of behaviorism and learning principles in your life. Examples can come from your personal life, your career, parenting, interpersonal relationships, online interactions, etc.
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Explain which theory your examples align with most, and explain why.
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Choose a research method discussed in Ch. 2, and explain how you would use this method to study the behaviors in your examples.
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Submit your assignment using at least two references and in APA 7thEdition format.
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Note: The Research Methods that were in Chapter 2 were:
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Behavioral Research, Descriptive Research, and Experimental Research

Source book: Carole Pateman and Charles Mills, Contract and Domination
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Chapter 2 The Domination Contract, Charles W. Mills
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Graded based on:
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Identifying the problem of analysis, i.e. the context or background for discussion. Do not summarize.
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Identifying the philosophers’ argument under discussion. Do not summarize.
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Analyzing and evaluating the evidence and framework provided by the philosopher for the argument under discussion.
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Presenting questions which effectively generate relevant philosophical conversation and understandings. This is the key objective of the presentation. Aim for one discussion question which provides analysis of the philosophy under study.
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Overview:
Throughout your coursework and professional career, it is extremely important that you write in your
own words. You will often be tasked with reading psychological materials and then to incorporate the
content into a paper or other type of written or oral presentation. At times, the material you are
reading might be quite technical, and it may be challenging for you to present these ideas in your own
words. This is your opportunity to practice this important skill.
Review the following websites to learn about summarizing:
• Purdue Owl: Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing
• Example of a Summary
Instructions:
For this assignment, you will:
• Read the passage (below) from your textbook.
• Think about the main ideas contained in the passage.
• Make a list of four (4) main ideas contained in the passage.
• In your own words, summarize the main ideas in paragraph form with a minimum of four (4)
complete sentences.
• Do not quote directly from the passage.
Textbook Passage:
Paul Pedersen (1990, 1991), a leading multicultural psychologist, proposed that multiculturalism is
the fourth force in psychology. What does he mean? In psychology, the term force is used to describe
a theory that has a huge influence on the field and precipitates a paradigm shift, or major change, in
the way people think about human behavior.
The notion that multiculturalism is the fourth force suggests that this perspective will have just as big
an impact on the field of psychology as the first three -forces—-psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and
humanism (Table 1.2). Pedersen (1990, 1991) does not see multiculturalism as replacing the other
three theories, but as adding a fourth dimension to psychology to supplement and, ideally, to
strengthen the other three. According to Pedersen, labeling multiculturalism the fourth force “explores
the possibility that we are moving toward a generic theory of multiculturalism that recognizes the
PSY220 – Multicultural Psychology
Summarization Assignment
Copyright 2022 Post University, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
psychological consequences of each cultural context, where each behavior has been learned and is
displayed . . . and calls attention to the way in which a culture-centered perspective has changed the
way we look at psychology across fields and ­theories” (1999, p. xxii).
In other words, calling multiculturalism the fourth force challenges us to acknowledge that (a) all
behavior occurs in and is impacted by a cultural context; (b) until recently, this fact has virtually been
ignored by the field; and (c) once we understand the nature and contribution of culture, this
understanding will dramatically alter and expand the way we study and understand behavior.
Pedersen and other multicultural psychologists believe it is no longer possible for psychologists to
ignore their own culture or the cultures of their clients and research participants. A multicultural
perspective makes our understanding of human behavior more clear and meaningful, rather than
more obscure and awkward. According to Pedersen (1999), “The main goal of [multicultural
psychology] is to convince general psychology that culture is an important contributor to the
development of human behavior, and to our understanding and study of it” (p. 6). Thus, identifying
multiculturalism as the fourth force in psychology attempts to place it at the center of the field.
Summarize this paragraph in your own words and include the following reference citation for your
textbook below your summary:
Mio, J. f., Barker, L. A., Domenech Rodriguez, M. M., & Gonzalez, J. (2020). Multicultural psychology:
Understanding our diverse communities (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Requirements:
• Incorporate all main ideas into your own words.
• Use appropriate APA placement and style for in-text citations and the reference.
• Complete your work in a Microsoft Word document.
Be sure to read the criteria by which your work will be evaluated before you write and again
after you write.

PLEASE USE ARTICLE ATTACHED! THE ONLY ARTICLE FOR THS PAPER
This article critique paper will include 5 things:
1. Title page: 1 page- 4 points
 Use APA style to present the appropriate information:
o A Running head must be included and formatted APA style
 The running head is a short title of your creation (no more than 50
characters) that is in ALL CAPS. This running head is left-justified
(flush left on the page). Look at the first page of these instructions,
and you will see how to set up your running head.
 There must be a page number on the title page that is right
justified. It is in the header on the title page and all subsequent
pages.
o Your paper title appears on the title page. This is usually 12 words or less,
and the first letter of each word is capitalized. It should be descriiptive of
the paper (For this paper, you should use the title of the article you are
critiquing. The paper title can be the same title as in the Running head or it
can differ – your choice). The title should be bolded.
o Your name will appear on the title page, include 2 double spaced lines
between the title and your name (see the title page here). Your name and
institutional affiliation (the name of your university) should not be bold.
o Your institution will appear on the title page as well
o For all papers, make sure to double-space EVERYTHING and use Times
New Roman font. This includes everything from the title page through the
references.
o This is standard APA format. ALL of your future papers will include a
similar title page
2. Summary of the Article: 1 ½ page minimum, 3 pages maximum – 14 points
An article critique should briefly summarize, in your own words, the article research question
and how it was addressed in the article. Below are some things to include in your summary.
 The summary itself will include the following:
1. Type of study (Was it experimental or correlational? How do you know?)
2. Variables (What were the independent and dependent variables? How did
they manipulate the IV? How did they operationally define the DV? Be
specific with these. Define the terms independent and dependent variable
and make sure to identify how they are operationally defined in the article)
ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS 4
3. Method (What did the participants do in the study? How was it set up?
Was there a random sample of participants? Was there random assignment
to groups?). How was data collected (online, in person, in a laboratory?).
4. Summary of findings (What were their findings?)
3. Critique of the study: 1 ½ pages minimum – 3 pages maximum – 16 points
 This portion of the article critique assignment focuses on your own thoughts about the
content of the article (i.e. your own ideas in your own words). For this section, please
use the word “Critique” below the last sentence in your summary, and have the word
“Critique” flush left.
 This section is a bit harder, but there are a number of ways to demonstrate critical
thinking in your writing. Address at least four of the following elements. You can
address more than four, but four is the minimum.
 1). In your opinion, are there any confounding variables in the study (these could
be extraneous variables or nuisance variables)? If so, explain what the confound is
and specifically how it is impacting the results of the study. A sufficient
explanation of this will include at least one paragraph of writing.
 2). Is the sample used in the study an appropriate sample? Is the sample
representative of the population? Could the study be replicated if it were done
again? Why or why not?
 3). Did they measure the dependent variable in a way that is valid? Be sure to
explain what validity is, and why you believe the dependent variable was or was
not measured in a way that was valid.
 4). Did the study authors correctly interpret their findings, or are there any
alternative interpretations you can think of?
 5). Did the authors of the study employ appropriate ethical safeguards?
 6). Briefly describe a follow-up study you might design that builds on the findings
of the study you read how the research presented in the article relates to research,
articles or material covered in other sections of the course
 7). Describe whether you feel the results presented in the article are weaker or
stronger than the authors claim (and why); or discuss alternative interpretations of
the results (i.e. something not mentioned by the authors) and/or what research
might provide a test between the proposed and alternate interpretations
 8). Mention additional implications of the findings not mentioned in the article
(either theoretical or practical/applied)
 9). Identify specific problems in the theory, discussion or empirical research
presented in the article and how these problems could be corrected. If the
problems you discuss are methodological in nature, then they must be issues that
are substantial enough to affect the interpretations of the findings or arguments
presented in the article. Furthermore, for methodological problems, you must
justify not only why something is problematic but also how it could be resolved
and why your proposed solution would be preferable.
 10). Describe how/why the method used in the article is either better or worse for
addressing a particular issue than other methods
4. Brief summary of the article: One or Two paragraphs-6 points
 Write the words “Brief Summary”, and then begin the brief summary below this
ARTICLE CRITIQUE INSTRUCTIONS 5
 In ONE or TWO paragraphs maximum, summarize the article again, but this time I
want it to be very short. In other words, take all of the information that you talked
about in the summary portion of this assignment and write it again, but this time in
only a few sentences.
 The reason for this section is that I want to make sure you can understand the whole
study but that you can also write about it in a shorter paragraph that still emphasizes
the main points of the article. Pretend that you are writing your own literature review
for a research study, and you need to get the gist of an article that you read that helps
support your own research across to your reader. Make sure to cite the original study
(the article you are critiquing).
5. References – 1 page-4 points
 Provide the reference for this article in proper APA format (see the book Chapter 14
for appropriate referencing guidelines or the Chapter 14 powerpoint).
 If you cited other sources during either your critique or summary, reference them as
well (though you do not need to cite other sources in this assignment – this is merely
optional IF you happen to bring in other sources). Formatting counts here, so make
sure to italicize where appropriate and watch which words you are capitalizing!
6. Grammar and Writing Quality-6 points

Researchers use single factor experimental designs to study causal relationships. For example, if researchers want to know if an exercise intervention reduces depression, they might randomly assign half the participants to receive the exercise intervention and the other half to not receive the exercise intervention. They could collect baseline and post-intervention data and compare the two groups. If the treatment group showed a significantly greater reduction of depression than the control group, the researchers would conclude that the exercise intervention reduced depression.
Think of a topic of interest, and please respond to the following:
Create a research question and hypothesis.
Summarize how you would construct a single factor experimental study to test your hypothesis. Include random assignment to groups and/or counterbalancing in your description.
Describe the difference between using a between subjects design or a within subjects design.
For your topic, would you want to use a between subjects or within subjects design? Explain.

Please use book info below for reference: Ty
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(H) Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century
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Wayne Weiten, Dana S. Dunn, and Elizabeth Yost Hammer, 2018
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Cengage Learning
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ISBN.13: 978-1-305-96847-9

If you could gather appropriate info for a 2-page personal statement for a Psych human factors program. Thanks!
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The Statement of Purpose is self-generated and is to be submitted electronically as a separate document.
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Please provide a 1-3 page Statement of Purpose which includes, but is not limited to, the following:
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A) Your professional goals, and how the program to which you are applying will aid in reaching them.
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B) Your special preparation and fitness for the master’s program and/or study in the field – include
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relevant research and practical experience if any.
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C) Your current academic interests
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https://cla.csulb.edu/departments/psychology/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/APPLICATION-FOR-MSHF-FINAL.pdf
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https://cla.csulb.edu/departments/psychology/graduate-programs/master-of-science-option-in-human-factors/

You need to use the terms covered in the material above when talking about stress in your discussion below.
Show me that you understand the stress chapter can apply the concepts when talking about your own experiences. This is part of the points for this discussion.
1. Identify the stress that you like in your life, and describe things that produce the greatest distress in your life.
2. Write a list of the things that produce chronic stress in your life or on those around you.
3. What do you do to reduce stress? What works best?
4. Should there be more policies put into place to reduce the stress experienced by students? Can you think of suggestions for college campuses?
5. Do people today experience more stress than 30 years ago, 100 years ago, or 10,000 years ago? How have stressors differed over the years?
Topic:
There may be no other topic more relevant to the connection between the mind and body than the issue of stress. The following questions help you identify the difference between tolerable or even good stress and the type of stress that causes harm. This identification process can be incredibly useful now that you are starting to learn about how chronic stress can be harmful to one’s health and mental well-being.
Share to the level of your comfort. Avoid reporting too many details of things that might be too personal such as abuse. For example, it is ok to say that you are having problems in your relationship, but you cannot mention abuse as instructors are mandated to report that. If you are going through abuse, you should contact a psychologist at the college for help. For purposes of this discussion, you might focus on stresses related to school, work, or family.
You can then think about practical and active ways to reduce the negative impacts of stress. Again, if you can identify your own experiences, you can think about ways of applying research on stress to future clients or interests in experimental psychology.
Here is a sample initial post:
1) Identify the stress that you like in your life, and describe things that produce the greatest distress in your life.
There are 2 stresses in my life that I like: rock climbing and dog rescue.
I am afraid of heights but go to the climbing gym anyway. This all started because I was working down in Orange County and wanted to avoid the traffic coming back from work. I decided to join a climbing gym by work so that I could work out after work. I don’t like traditional gyms because I find machines very boring. I still get scared when I climb in the gym and it has been 8 years since I started.
Dog rescue is stressful. I volunteer for this one dog rescue organization that is very busy. They pull a lot of dogs from the shelters. People get dogs because they were bored during covid, then they dump the dogs at the shelters like an old pair of shoes. Some dogs are sick and the owners don’t want to pay for it. It is extremely sad. The shelter starts putting dogs to sleep because there is no space. My rescue pulls medical dogs so they come out sick. They are dirty and sometimes throw up in the card when I give them their “freedom ride” out of the shelter to a private vet for the rescue. I spend a lot of time cleaning my car. I do this because I think it is important and I save dogs’ lives even though it is a lot of trouble. Always adopt animals from rescues or shelters instead of buying them online. There is a lot of dog suffering that you don’t see from abusive dog sellers online.
The greatest distress in my life are my neighbors right now. During covid, some relatives moved into her house next door and they all smoke. I can’t even spend any time in my yard because of secondhand smoke. This makes me angry.
2) Write a list of the things that produce chronic stress in your life or on those around you.
I don’t have too much chronic stress in my life because I designed it as such, but I know that money produces chronic stress for many around me. They are always worrying about having enough money for all the bills. They work long hours to make ends meet. For example, I know this one student that works for the Amazon warehouse. He is just on call all the time. His work schedule is all over the place and he has trouble making other plans in his life around it. I don’t think Amazon cares which makes them a bad company for their employees.
3) What do you do to reduce stress? What works best?
I walk my dogs every day. I take trips when there is no covid. I play strategy board games. They are fun things that help me enjoy my free time.
4) Should there be more policies put into place to reduce the stress experienced by students? Can you think of suggestions for college campuses?
Colleges can advise new students about how many units they should take. I know students that work full-time and take 12 or more units of classes. Many of them are not aware of the time commitment required to pass the courses so they fail them.
5) Do people today experience more stress than 30 years ago, 100 years ago, or 10,000 years ago? How have stressors differed over the years?
I am not sure if there is more stress now than before. I think stressors are just different. Social media can do good things now but can also bring a lot of stress. It is hard to shut out all the terrible news. 100 years ago, people were dying of infections before penicillin was invented. That is super stressful. You get an infection and your life could be over. I am not sure what people were going 10,000 years ago. I guess that is the time of cavepeople. That must have been stressful looking for food and avoiding death.