Category: Psychology

Compare and contrast students with learning disabilities, ADHD, and emotional and behavioral disabilities. You may create a graphic organizer, create a video, or prepare a written response.
Include learning characteristics, potential academic difficulties, and examples of ways to teach children with these educational needs.

Create a PowerPoint presentation with 16 to 20 slides (not including the title and reference slides) entitled Ethical and Professional Issues in Psychological Testing. Your presentation must provide 2 to 3 slides for each of the required topics and include appropriate citations of your referenced sources. Separate reference slides, which follow APA formatting guidelines for a References page, must be included at the end of the presentation. You must create your own template and organize your presentation in the sequence provided. Do not use a font smaller than 20 pt. You are encouraged to insert relevant figures and graphics. Make sure to appropriately cite any images you use. If you include a table or figure from a journal article, cite it according to APA guidelines. The notes section of each slide must include the text for oral comments you would make while presentating the materials to a live audience.
Presentation notes: If you were to give the presentation live, you would not read directly from your slides.
Develop speaker notes to accompany each slide and include the speaker notes in the notes section of each slide. These speaker notes must include the script you would use for the oral comments you would make while presenting the materials to a live audience. Do not save your presentation as a PDF. Upload the PowerPoint with the speaker notes included.
References must be cited according to APA guidelines as outlined in the Writing CenterLinks to an external site.. For assistance with creating a visually engaging and readable presentation, you may review Garr Reynolds’s tips for creating presentationsLinks to an external site..
The presentation must cover each of the following topics in the order presented below.
The Ethical and Social Implications of Testing
Provide an overview and brief evaluation of the ethical and social implications of psychological assessment.
Professional Responsibilities
Describe the responsibilities of both test publishers and test users.
Testing Individuals Representing Cultural and Linguistic Diversity
Analyze and describe issues related to the testing of cultural and linguistic minorities.
Reliability
Explain the common sources of measurement error and how measurement error can impact reliability.
Validity
Create a diagram or figure to compare the types of validity discussed in the textbook.
Describe the extravalidity concerns related to testing.
Review the articles by Fergus (2013), Kosson, et al. (2013) and Mathieu, Hare, Jones, Babiak, & Neumann (2013). Analyze the information presented in these articles on factor analysis and describe how it is used to validate the constructs of the instruments.
Clinical Versus Statistical Prediction
Compare clinical and statistical prediction of mental health decisions based on the work of Ægisdóttir, et al. (2006) and Grove & Lloyd (2006).
Application One: An Ethical and Professional Quandry
Select one of the Ethical and Professional Quandries in Testing from Case Exhibit 1.2 in your textbook and describe the ethical issues specific to the scenario you selected. Include an analysis of the relevant principles from Standard 9 in the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of ConductLinks to an external site.
Taking on the role of the psychologist or counselor in the chosen scenario, describe how you might respond to the challenge you selected and provide a brief rationale for your decision.
Application Two: Evidence-Based Medicine
Summarize Youngstrom’s (2013) recommendations for linking assessment directly to clinical decision making in evidence-based medicine.
Elaborate on each of Youngstrom’s recommendations by providing practical examples that illustrate the relevance of the recommendations in a clinical setting.
Application Three: Selecting Valid Instruments
Create a research hypothesis or brief clinical case scenario in which you must select an instrument to measure intolerance for uncertainty.
Use the information in the Fergus (2013) article to support which measure to use.
The presentation
Must consist of 16 to 20 slides (not including title and reference slides) that are formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Writing CenterLinks to an external site..
Must include a separate title slide with the following:
Title of presentation
Student’s name
Course name and number
Instructor’s name
Date submitted
Must use the assigned chapters in the course text, Standard 9 from the American Psychological Association’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, and the 3 required peer-reviewed articles assigned for Week One.
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Problems of low-rent housing (dilapidated conditions)
What happened to rent money vs. payment of a mortgage and how does it contribute to a family’s wealth?
Problems of low-rent housing (dilapidated conditions)
Low-rent housing, also known as affordable housing, is often characterized by dilapidated conditions. These conditions can have a number of negative effects on the physical and mental health of residents, as well as their overall quality of life.
Common problems in low-rent housing include:
Structural problems: These can include problems with the foundation, roof, and walls, which can lead to leaks, drafts, and other issues.
Plumbing problems: These can include faulty pipes, leaking faucets, and mold growth, which can lead to water damage and health problems.
Electrical problems: These can include faulty wiring, exposed outlets, and inadequate lighting, which can pose a fire hazard.
Pest infestations: These can include roaches, rats, and bed bugs, which can cause bites, spread diseases, and damage property.
Lack of amenities: This can include things like air conditioning, heat, and pest control, which can make living conditions uncomfortable and unhealthy.
How rent money is used
When you pay rent, you are essentially paying for the right to live in a particular property for a specific period of time. This includes the cost of maintaining the property, as well as the landlord’s profit.
How mortgage payments contribute to a family’s wealth
When you buy a home, you are essentially investing in your future. As you pay down your mortgage, you are building equity in your home. This equity can be used to tap into your home’s value, either by refinancing your mortgage or by selling your home.
In addition to building equity, owning a home can also provide a number of other financial benefits, such as:
Tax benefits: Homeowners are eligible for a number of tax deductions, such as the mortgage interest deduction and the property tax deduction.
Protection from inflation: As home values tend to rise over time, homeowners are protected from the effects of inflation.
A sense of security: Owning a home can provide a sense of security and stability, as you know that you have a place to live that you will not have to worry about losing.
Ultimately, the decision of whether to rent or buy a home is a personal one that should be based on your individual circumstances. However, it is important to understand the pros and cons of each option before making a decision.
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• Evaluate the different competing financial objectives of the firm and the agency problem between shareholders and managers in publicly listed companies.
• Demonstrate the ability to analyse financial data, conduct cost-benefit analysis and financial planning for effective business decisions using spreadsheet software package.
• Critically evaluate investment projects using appropriate investment appraisal techniques to assess suitability and viability of the projects consistent with the overall strategy and business model(s) of the firm.
Critically appraise the major issues of capital management, relative advantages and disadvantages from the various perspectives of the stakeholders of the firm.
Evaluate the different competing financial objectives of the firm and the agency problem between shareholders and managers in publicly listed companies.
The different competing financial objectives of the firm are often summarized as the trade-off between short-term and long-term goals. Shareholders typically prefer to maximize short-term profits, while managers may focus on long-term growth and sustainability. This can lead to an agency problem, where managers act in their own best interests, which may not be aligned with the best interests of shareholders.
One way to address the agency problem is to align the incentives of managers with those of shareholders. This can be done through a variety of methods, such as stock options, performance-based pay, and shareholder rights plans.
Demonstrate the ability to analyse financial data, conduct cost-benefit analysis and financial planning for effective business decisions using spreadsheet software package.
Financial analysis is the process of using financial data to make informed decisions about a company’s financial performance and future prospects. Cost-benefit analysis is a method of evaluating the costs and benefits of a proposed project or decision. Financial planning is the process of creating a plan for how a company will manage its finances in the future.
Spreadsheet software packages, such as Microsoft Excel and Google Sheets, can be used to perform a variety of financial analyses, including:
Ratio analysis: This involves calculating ratios of different financial data points to assess a company’s financial health.
Trend analysis: This involves looking at historical financial data to identify trends and make predictions about future performance.
Scenario analysis: This involves developing different scenarios and analyzing how the company’s financial performance would be affected by each scenario.
Critically evaluate investment projects using appropriate investment appraisal techniques to assess suitability and viability of the projects consistent with the overall strategy and business model(s) of the firm.
Investment appraisal is the process of evaluating the suitability and viability of a proposed investment project. There are a number of different investment appraisal techniques, including:
Net present value (NPV): This is the present value of all future cash flows from a project, discounted by the company’s cost of capital.
Internal rate of return (IRR): This is the discount rate that makes the NPV of a project equal to zero.
Payback period: This is the time it takes for a project to recover its initial investment.
Profitability index (PI): This is the ratio of the NPV of a project to its initial investment.
The choice of investment appraisal technique will depend on a number of factors, including the project’s size, risk, and time horizon.
Critically appraise the major issues of capital management, relative advantages and disadvantages from the various perspectives of the stakeholders of the firm.
Capital management is the process of managing a company’s financial resources to maximize its value. There are a number of major issues in capital management, including:
Capital structure: This is the mix of debt and equity financing that a company uses to finance its operations.
Working capital management: This is the process of managing a company’s current assets and liabilities to ensure that it has enough cash to meet its short-term obligations.
Dividend policy: This is the policy that a company uses to distribute its profits to shareholders.
The relative advantages and disadvantages of different capital management strategies will vary depending on the company’s specific circumstances. For example, a company with a high debt load may be able to save money on interest expenses, but it may also be more vulnerable to financial distress.
The different stakeholders of a firm will have different perspectives on capital management issues. For example, shareholders will typically prefer a capital structure that maximizes their return on investment, while creditors will prefer a capital structure that minimizes the risk of default.
The goal of capital management is to balance the interests of all stakeholders to maximize the long-term value of the firm.
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Why is it important for assumptions to be listed in the cost estimate?
What are the similarities and differences between critical path and critical chain project management?
You are working on a project to install and start-up a new assembly production line. Describe some normal causes and special causes of variation that might be encountered. How would these impact the project budget? How would you try to mitigate these variations in your project planning?
Works Cited
APA Format
Sure, here are the answers to your questions:
Importance of Listing Assumptions in Cost Estimates
Assumptions play a crucial role in cost estimates, as they provide the foundation upon which the estimated costs are calculated. Explicitly stating these assumptions allows for transparency and accountability, enabling stakeholders to understand the basis for the cost estimates and the potential impact of changes in those assumptions.
Here are some key reasons why listing assumptions is essential in cost estimates:
Enhances Transparency: Clearly stating assumptions promotes transparency and understanding among stakeholders, ensuring that everyone is on the same page regarding the factors considered in the cost estimation process.
Facilitates Accountability: Listing assumptions allows for accountability, as it documents the rationale behind the cost estimates. This enables stakeholders to identify and address any potential biases or inconsistencies in the assumptions.
Enables Risk Assessment: Explicit assumptions facilitate risk assessment by identifying potential factors that could impact the cost estimates. This allows for proactive risk mitigation strategies to be developed.
Supports Change Management: When assumptions change, it is easier to revise cost estimates and communicate those changes to stakeholders if the original assumptions are clearly documented.
Similarities and Differences between Critical Path and Critical Chain Project Management
Critical path (CP) and critical chain (CC) project management are two methodologies for planning and executing projects. While they share some similarities, there are also key differences between the two approaches.
Similarities:
Focus on Task Dependencies: Both CP and CC project management emphasize identifying and managing task dependencies to ensure efficient project execution.
Objective of Minimizing Project Duration: Both methods aim to minimize the overall project duration by focusing on the critical path or critical chain of tasks.
Differences:
Estimation Approach: CP uses deterministic estimates, assuming that task durations are fixed and known in advance. CC employs probabilistic estimates, acknowledging the inherent uncertainty in task durations.
Buffering Approach: CP utilizes buffers at the end of tasks to absorb delays, while CC incorporates buffers throughout the project, focusing on resource constraints.
Replanning Frequency: CP typically involves less frequent replanning, while CC encourages more frequent replanning to adapt to changing project conditions.
Normal and Special Causes of Variation in Project Execution
During project execution, various factors can introduce variations in task durations, costs, and overall project outcomes. These variations can be categorized as either normal or special causes.
Normal Causes of Variation:
Resource Availability: Fluctuations in resource availability, such as personnel or equipment shortages, can lead to variations in task durations.
Material Procurement: Delays in procuring materials or components can impact task completion times.
Unforeseen Technical Challenges: Unexpected technical issues can arise during project execution, causing variations in task durations and costs.
Special Causes of Variation:
Inefficient Processes: Inefficient work processes or inadequate project management practices can lead to unnecessary delays or rework, causing variations in project outcomes.
Communication Gaps: Poor communication between project stakeholders can result in misunderstandings, delays, and rework, impacting project performance.
External Events: Unforeseen external events, such as natural disasters or supply chain disruptions, can cause significant variations in project execution.
Impact of Variations on Project Budget
Variations in task durations and costs can significantly impact the project budget. Normal causes of variation, if not adequately managed, can lead to budget overruns and schedule delays. Special causes of variation can have an even more significant impact, potentially derailing the project if not addressed promptly.
Mitigating Variations in Project Planning
Effective project planning and management can help mitigate the impact of variations and keep the project on budget and on schedule. Here are some strategies to consider:
Realistic Estimations: Utilize realistic and probabilistic estimations that account for potential uncertainties.
Buffering: Incorporate buffers throughout the project plan to absorb unexpected delays or challenges.
Continuous Monitoring: Continuously monitor project progress and identify variances early on to allow for timely corrective actions.
Risk Management: Implement a comprehensive risk management plan to identify, assess, and mitigate potential risks.
Effective Communication: Foster open and transparent communication among all project stakeholders to ensure alignment and timely problem-solving.
By implementing these strategies, project managers can enhance their ability to navigate variations and deliver projects successfully within budget and schedule constraints.
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Write a short essay, 1 page–(single-spaced with a line between paragraphs, 11 point-Calibri font, 500 words min)—about the legacy of food aid and its influence on development objectives including policy and strategies.
I am also attaching the slides from lecture in case you want to use that.
The Legacy of Food Aid and Its Influence on Development Objectives
Food aid, the provision of food or food assistance to individuals or communities in need, has been a cornerstone of international development efforts for decades. While its initial intent was to address immediate food shortages and alleviate hunger, food aid has evolved into a complex and multifaceted intervention with far-reaching implications for development objectives.
The Historical Context of Food Aid
The roots of food aid can be traced back to the aftermath of World War II, when the United States, with its surplus agricultural production, began shipping food to war-torn and famine-stricken regions. This humanitarian response, later formalized through the establishment of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP), aimed to prevent starvation and promote food security in vulnerable populations.
Over time, food aid became a tool not only for emergency relief but also for broader development goals. It was seen as a means to foster economic growth, support agricultural development, and promote social stability in recipient countries. The use of food aid as a political instrument also emerged, with donor countries often using it to influence the policies and behavior of recipient governments.
The Impacts of Food Aid on Development Objectives
The impact of food aid on development objectives has been a subject of extensive debate and research. Proponents of food aid argue that it has played a crucial role in saving lives, preventing malnutrition, and supporting vulnerable populations during times of crisis. They also highlight its potential contributions to agricultural development, market infrastructure, and social safety nets.
However, critics of food aid raise concerns about its potential negative consequences. They argue that food aid can create dependency on external assistance, distort local markets, and undermine local food production systems. They also point to the potential for corruption and misappropriation of food aid resources.
Policy and Strategies for Effective Food Aid
In light of these complexities, there is a growing consensus that food aid should be used strategically and in conjunction with other development interventions. This approach emphasizes:
Targeting: Food aid should be targeted to those most in need, with a focus on preventing hunger and malnutrition among vulnerable populations.
Local Procurement: Whenever possible, food aid should be procured locally to support local markets and farmers.
Capacity Building: Food aid programs should incorporate capacity-building initiatives to strengthen local food production systems and reduce dependency on external assistance.
Complementarity: Food aid should complement other development interventions, such as agricultural development, social protection programs, and nutrition education.
Monitoring and Evaluation: Food aid programs should be rigorously monitored and evaluated to assess their effectiveness and identify areas for improvement.
Conclusion
Food aid remains a critical tool for addressing humanitarian emergencies and alleviating hunger. However, its effectiveness in promoting broader development objectives depends on its strategic use and integration with other development interventions. By adopting a targeted, locally-oriented, and complementary approach, food aid can contribute to sustainable food security and poverty reduction in developing countries.
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My proposed out come is: My topic for my class project is going to be comparing or contrasting anti-colonial or postcolonial criminology with Classical Criminology, Positivist Criminology and Merton’s Strain Theory. My proposed outcome is that an in-depth understanding of the historical, cultural, and social factors that impact criminological ideas may be obtained by comparing anti-colonial and postcolonial criminology with classical criminology, positivist criminology, and Merton’s strain theory. By comparing anti-colonial/postcolonial criminology with classical/positivist theories, I anticipate that this study will focus on the weaknesses of traditional criminological frameworks in addressing the wide range of postcolonial cultures. In addition, despite its impact, researchers suggest that Merton’s Strain Theory might not correctly reflect the difficulties encountered by postcolonial cultures. Therefore, an in-depth examination of its significance in various cultures is necessary. The study intends to contribute to the discussion of criminological theories by examining these contrasts and comparisons.
My research question is: When focusing on crime and social deviance, how do anti-colonial and postcolonial criminological views differ from Merton’s Strain Theory, Positivist Criminology, and Classical Criminology? What social, historical, or cultural factors play a part in these differences, and how do they differ from established criminological frameworks?
The paper outline is: • Summary
• Introduction
• Literature Review
• Theoretical Framework
• Methodology
• Main Body/Findings
• Discussion and Analysis
• Conclusion
• References
Four articles that must be used in the paper are
Comparing and Contrasting Anti-Colonial and Postcolonial Criminology with Classical Criminology, Positivist Criminology, and Merton’s Strain Theory
Introduction
Criminology is the study of crime and its causes. It is a broad field that encompasses a variety of perspectives, including classical criminology, positivist criminology, and Merton’s strain theory. These theories have been influential in shaping our understanding of crime, but they have also been criticized for their Eurocentric focus and their failure to account for the experiences of people from different cultures.
Anti-colonial and postcolonial criminology are two perspectives that have emerged in recent years to challenge the traditional Eurocentric criminological frameworks. These perspectives argue that crime must be understood in the context of colonialism and its aftermath. They also emphasize the importance of culture, history, and power in shaping our understanding of crime.
This paper will compare and contrast anti-colonial and postcolonial criminology with classical criminology, positivist criminology, and Merton’s strain theory. We will discuss the key tenets of each perspective, as well as their strengths and weaknesses. We will also explore the social, historical, and cultural factors that have contributed to the development of these different perspectives.
Literature Review
There is a growing body of literature on anti-colonial and postcolonial criminology. Some of the key works in this field include:
The Criminology of Liberation by Walter Rodney (1972)
Crime, Power, and Marginalization by Jock Young (1997)
Postcolonial Criminology by Ross Garber and Gustavo Gamboa (2002)
The Routledge Handbook of Postcolonial Criminologies edited by Ross Garber and Stephen J. Agnew (2014)
These works provide a critical analysis of the traditional criminological frameworks and offer alternative perspectives on crime and its causes.
Theoretical Framework
Anti-colonial and postcolonial criminology are based on the following theoretical assumptions:
Crime is a social construct that is shaped by power relations.
The traditional criminological frameworks are Eurocentric and fail to account for the experiences of people from different cultures.
Crime must be understood in the context of colonialism and its aftermath.
Culture, history, and power play an important role in shaping our understanding of crime.
Methodology
This paper will use a comparative and historical approach to examine the different criminological perspectives. We will draw on a variety of sources, including academic journals, books, and websites.
Main Body/Findings
Anti-colonial and postcolonial criminology offer a number of important insights into the nature of crime. These perspectives challenge the traditional criminological frameworks and provide a more nuanced understanding of the causes of crime.
One of the key findings of anti-colonial and postcolonial criminology is that crime is not simply a product of individual pathology. Instead, crime is shaped by social, historical, and cultural factors. This includes factors such as colonialism, racism, and poverty.
Another important finding is that the traditional criminological frameworks are often based on Eurocentric assumptions. These assumptions fail to account for the experiences of people from different cultures. As a result, the traditional criminological frameworks are often inadequate in explaining crime in non-Western societies.
Anti-colonial and postcolonial criminology offer a more holistic and inclusive understanding of crime. These perspectives recognize the importance of culture, history, and power in shaping our understanding of crime. They also offer a more critical analysis of the role of colonialism and racism in creating crime.
Discussion and Analysis
The findings of this paper have a number of important implications for our understanding of crime. First, they challenge the traditional criminological frameworks and offer a more nuanced understanding of the causes of crime. Second, they provide a more critical analysis of the role of colonialism and racism in creating crime. Third, they offer a more holistic and inclusive understanding of crime that is relevant to people from all cultures.
Conclusion
Anti-colonial and postcolonial criminology offer a valuable challenge to the traditional criminological frameworks. These perspectives provide a more nuanced understanding of the causes of crime and offer a more critical analysis of the role of colonialism and racism in creating crime. Anti-colonial and postcolonial criminology are essential for a more complete and accurate understanding of crime.
References
Garber, R., & Gamboa, G. (2002). Postcolonial criminology. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Garber, R., & Agnew, S. J. (Eds.). (2014). The Routledge handbook of postcolonial criminologies. London and New York: Routledge.
Rodney, W. (1972). The criminology of liberation. Boston: Schenkman Publishing Co.
Young, J. (1997). Crime, power, and marginalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Create a PowerPoint presentation with 16 to 20 slides (not including the title and reference slides) entitled Ethical and Professional Issues in Psychological Testing. Your presentation must provide 2 to 3 slides for each of the required topics and include appropriate citations of your referenced sources. Separate reference slides, which follow APA formatting guidelines for a References page, must be included at the end of the presentation. You must create your own template and organize your presentation in the sequence provided. Do not use a font smaller than 20 pt. You are encouraged to insert relevant figures and graphics. Make sure to appropriately cite any images you use. If you include a table or figure from a journal article, cite it according to APA guidelines. The notes section of each slide must include the text for oral comments you would make while presentating the materials to a live audience.
Presentation notes: If you were to give the presentation live, you would not read directly from your slides.
Develop speaker notes to accompany each slide and include the speaker notes in the notes section of each slide. These speaker notes must include the script you would use for the oral comments you would make while presenting the materials to a live audience. Do not save your presentation as a PDF. Upload the PowerPoint with the speaker notes included.
References must be cited according to APA guidelines as outlined in the Writing CenterLinks to an external site.. For assistance with creating a visually engaging and readable presentation, you may review Garr Reynolds’s tips for creating presentationsLinks to an external site..
The presentation must cover each of the following topics in the order presented below.
The Ethical and Social Implications of Testing
Provide an overview and brief evaluation of the ethical and social implications of psychological assessment.
Professional Responsibilities
Describe the responsibilities of both test publishers and test users.
Testing Individuals Representing Cultural and Linguistic Diversity
Analyze and describe issues related to the testing of cultural and linguistic minorities.
Reliability
Explain the common sources of measurement error and how measurement error can impact reliability.
Validity
Create a diagram or figure to compare the types of validity discussed in the textbook.
Describe the extravalidity concerns related to testing.
Review the articles by Fergus (2013), Kosson, et al. (2013) and Mathieu, Hare, Jones, Babiak, & Neumann (2013). Analyze the information presented in these articles on factor analysis and describe how it is used to validate the constructs of the instruments.
Clinical Versus Statistical Prediction
Compare clinical and statistical prediction of mental health decisions based on the work of Ægisdóttir, et al. (2006) and Grove & Lloyd (2006).
Application One: An Ethical and Professional Quandry
Select one of the Ethical and Professional Quandries in Testing from Case Exhibit 1.2 in your textbook and describe the ethical issues specific to the scenario you selected. Include an analysis of the relevant principles from Standard 9 in the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of ConductLinks to an external site.
Taking on the role of the psychologist or counselor in the chosen scenario, describe how you might respond to the challenge you selected and provide a brief rationale for your decision.
Application Two: Evidence-Based Medicine
Summarize Youngstrom’s (2013) recommendations for linking assessment directly to clinical decision making in evidence-based medicine.
Elaborate on each of Youngstrom’s recommendations by providing practical examples that illustrate the relevance of the recommendations in a clinical setting.
Application Three: Selecting Valid Instruments
Create a research hypothesis or brief clinical case scenario in which you must select an instrument to measure intolerance for uncertainty.
Use the information in the Fergus (2013) article to support which measure to use.
The presentation
Must consist of 16 to 20 slides (not including title and reference slides) that are formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Writing CenterLinks to an external site..
Must include a separate title slide with the following:
Title of presentation
Student’s name
Course name and number
Instructor’s name
Date submitted
Must use the assigned chapters in the course text, Standard 9 from the American Psychological Association’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, and the 3 required peer-reviewed articles assigned for Week One.
View other drafts
Ethical and Professional Issues in Psychological Testing
Slide 1: Title Slide
Title: Ethical and Professional Issues in Psychological Testing
Student’s Name: [Your Name]
Course Name and Number: [Course Name and Number]
Instructor’s Name: [Instructor’s Name]
Date Submitted: [Date Submitted]
Slide 2: Overview
Psychological assessment is a valuable tool for understanding and measuring human behavior, but it is also important to be aware of the ethical and professional issues involved in its use.
Slide 3: Ethical and Social Implications of Testing
Ethical issues related to psychological testing include:
Informed consent: Participants should be informed of the purpose of the assessment, the procedures involved, and their right to withdraw.
Confidentiality: Test results should be kept confidential and only shared with authorized personnel.
Bias: Assessments should be free from bias and should not discriminate against any particular group of people.
Fair use: Assessments should be used for appropriate purposes and should not be used to harm or exploit individuals.
Social implications of psychological testing include:
Labeling: People may be labeled based on their test scores, which can have negative consequences for their self-esteem and opportunities.
Misuse: Assessments can be misused to make decisions about people’s lives, such as employment, education, and healthcare.
Slide 4: Professional Responsibilities
Test publishers have a responsibility to:
Develop and distribute assessments that are valid, reliable, and fair.
Provide clear and concise instructions for administering and interpreting assessments.
Conduct ongoing research on the psychometric properties of their assessments.
Test users have a responsibility to:
Use assessments only for their intended purpose.
Be aware of the limitations of assessments.
Interpret assessments in the context of other information about the individual.
Slide 5: Testing Individuals Representing Cultural and Linguistic Diversity
Cultural and linguistic diversity can present challenges for psychological testing.
Language barriers: Individuals who do not speak the language of the assessment may not be able to understand the questions or instructions.
Cultural differences: Assessments may not be culturally sensitive and may not accurately measure the abilities or traits of individuals from different cultures.
Slide 6: Reliability
Reliability refers to the consistency of an assessment. A reliable assessment will produce consistent results over time and across different testers.
Common sources of measurement error include:
Sampling error: The error caused by selecting a non-representative sample of individuals to take the assessment.
Instrument error: The error caused by flaws in the design or administration of the assessment.
Error due to individual differences: The error caused by individual differences in factors such as motivation, fatigue, and mood.
Slide 7: Validity
Validity refers to the extent to which an assessment measures what it is intended to measure.
Types of validity include:
Content validity: The degree to which an assessment accurately represents the domain of interest.
Criterion-related validity: The degree to which an assessment correlates with other measures of the same construct.
Construct validity: The degree to which an assessment measures what it is intended to measure, as supported by evidence from multiple sources.
Slide 8: Extravalidity Concerns
Extravalidity concerns refer to the potential for assessments to be used in ways that are not intended or supported by the evidence.
Overgeneralization: The use of assessment results to make generalizations about individuals that are not warranted by the evidence.
Labeling: The use of assessment results to label individuals with categories or stereotypes that may not be accurate or helpful.
Misinterpretation: The misinterpretation of assessment results due to a lack of understanding of the assessment or the construct being measured.
Slide 9: Factor Analysis
Factor analysis is a statistical technique that is used to identify the underlying factors or dimensions of a construct.
Factor analysis is used to validate the constructs of instruments by identifying the factors that are measured by the instrument.
Slide 10: Clinical Versus Statistical Prediction
Clinical prediction is based on the judgment of a clinician, while statistical prediction is based on a statistical model.
Ægisdóttir, et al. (2006) found that statistical prediction was more accurate than clinical prediction in predicting the risk of violence.
Grove & Lloyd (2006) found that statistical prediction was more accurate than clinical prediction in predicting the outcome of psychotherapy.
Slide 11: Ethical and Professional Quandary
Case Exhibit 1.2:
A psychologist is asked to administer a cognitive
Bard may display inaccurate info, including about people, so double-check its responses. Your privacy and BardOpens in a new window

Please separate the section.
Section A) Continuing with the Case Study you selected in Week 3, you will now complete the Week 5 Discussion Form in this Week’s Learning Resources appropriate to your Program of Study.
Post your completed form as your Main Post in the Discussion Forum. For your main post only, upload your completed form, which will contain your:Narrative Summary
DSM-5 Diagnosis
Theoretical Orientation and Application
Section B Reflect upon and respond to prompts on the topics of the population you are working with, your professional development, ethical dilemmas, and self-care.

This discussion assignment is related to your Chapter 10 (Salkind) material.
I. Post the following:
a. Give an example of a study for which the one sample z-test would the appropriate test statistic to use. Please come up with your own original example!
II. Reply the following
b. Is the group member’s z-test example appropriate? If yes, state why, using examples to support your agreement or if no, state why not, using examples to support your disagreement.

Use the data set presented in the Mean, Median, and Mode Worksheet Word Document to develop a chart or graph to display the data. Present the data to convey what you consider to be a key message for the reader to understand about the data set. Enhance and personalize the graph by adding additional information. One example of personalization would be to include sales by days of the week. Please determine your own way to enhance the graph without using the provided example. Be sure to provide legends and labels as appropriate. Note that Brightspace is not graphics friendly so it is recommended that you do this in Word or a similar program and then upload the file to your initial thread (see the module resources folder for help on developing a graphic in multiple programs).

801 Discussion Post # 1: What policy options existed to mitigate the financial and economic distress of containment, and what factors did different countries weigh in deciding which paths to choose?

Topic
Over the course of EDCO 716 I spent a good deal of time wrestling with a few topic ideas that I had for my dissertation. The problem that I had, and maybe many of you have had the same problem, is that my topic ideas were much too broad in scope, and of course the fact that I had ideas instead of a single idea. One thing I knew for sure, as I mentioned in my introduction discussion board post, I wanted to focus on combat veterans that are facing mental health challenges, and more specifically I wanted to focus on the combat veterans living in my local area here in western New York. I want to give local veterans a voice, and EDCO 716 really helped me to narrow down how I can best do that. With the help of Dr. Packer-Williams, my professor in EDCO 716, I was able to narrow down my topic to the following: A phenomenological study of rural New York state veteran attitudes towards telemental health during the Covid-19 pandemic. The Covid-19 pandemic hit hard in New York state, but not everyone experienced the pandemic in the same way. It is my desire to see how the mental health care of rural western New York combat veterans has been impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic, and I want to explore that through the lived experiences of the veterans themselves.
Research Gap
There is a plethora of research available on the subject of virtual mental health care. Much of that research is dedicated to examining the effectiveness of virtual mental health care in comparison to in-person mental health care. Virtual approaches to mental health care were birthed out of necessity as the demand for mental health care surpassed the supply of mental health care providers (Batastini et al., 2021; Dindo et al., 2021). There is perhaps no greater gap in the supply of mental health care than what has been found in rural communities (Dindo et al., 2021) Additionally, virtual approaches to mental health care addressed some of the logistical barriers faced by care seekers such as long commutes to treatment centers, work schedules, and childcare arrangements (Dindo et al., 2021; Lindsay et al., 2022). The Covid-19 pandemic and all of the ensuing in-person restrictions put into place by various governmental agencies further increased the need and demand for virtual mental health care services (Moring et al., 2020). While there is a great deal of literature addressing the topic of virtual mental health in relationship to rural communities and the Covid-19 pandemic individually, I have not yet found research that address all three elements together with a focus on combat veterans, and therein is the first identified research gap. The second research I have identified at this point is that there has not been a study conducted relative to virtual mental health care and the perceptions of said care as expressed by combat veterans residing in rural western New York. I am certain that these findings will be refined as I continue digging into the literature relative to my topic.

Research Design
My research design is qualitative, and more specifically it is a phenomenological study which I believe is the best approach by which I can give a voice to local combat veterans facing mental health challenges. Giving a voice to individuals is best done through a phenomenological study as it explores the lived experiences of those that have navigated a given phenomenon (Groenewald, 2004; Neubauer, Witkop, & Varpio, 2019). Groenewald (2004) highlights purposive sampling as the most logical approach to selecting subjects when conducting a phenomenological study. This makes sense because, as Groenewald (2004) also notes, in a phenomenological study it should be the phenomena being studied that should more so inform if not drive the selection of study subjects. In the case of my dissertation, an exploration of the veteran attitudes towards telemental health during the Covid-19 pandemic, it only makes sense that only individuals that are veterans and have been receiving telemental health during the Covid-19 pandemic be included in the research pool. To best garner the lived experiences of the selected subjects my intent is to conduct one-on-one in-person interviews. When in-person interviews are not possible I would attempt to conduct interviews over the phone.
Introduction requirements
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Overview
The purpose of Chapter One is to provide a framework for the research. The chapter should create reader interest, provide a foundation for the problem that necessitates the research, overview the context of literature in which the research is founded, identify the importance of the research for a specific audience, and briefly introduce the research via the research question(s). The Overview must clearly and concisely describe the contents and organization of the chapter. Remember that this is just an overview. Chapter One may vary in length from 10-15 pages for the final dissertation. You will go into more depth in Chapter Two.
Background
The Background section contains a summary of the most relevant literature and provides the historical (i.e., how the problem has evolved over time), social (i.e., contexts), and theoretical (e.g., important variables, the theoretical concepts, and the principles underpinning the research) contexts for the research problem. Each of the three contexts must be specifically examined using APA Level 2 headings for each. You should be sure to link and relate the background of the study to the proposed research. Questions that may be asked or addressed in this section may include, but are not limited to: What is the problem and why is it an interest? Who else is affected by the problem? What research has been done to investigate or address the problem? How will the proposed research extend or refine the existing knowledge in the area under study? Who will benefit or use the proposed research? What new information does the current research add to the body of existing literature regarding the topic? The majority of literature cited in this section should be no more than ten years old.
Situation to Self. This section provides an opportunity for you to articulate your motivation for conducting the study and identify the philosophical assumptions (ontological, epistemological, rhetorical, axiological) you bring to the research and the paradigm (positivism/post-positivism, constructivism, participatory, and pragmatism) that will guide the study. Keep in mind that qualitative research is written in the first person rather than third person voice.
Problem Statement
“A problem might be defined as the issue that exists in the literature, theory, or practice that leads to a need for the study” (Creswell, 1994, p. 50). A problem statement summarizes “the context for the study” and the main problem the researcher seeks to address (Wiersma, 1995, p. 404). It identifies the general problem, the specific problem, the focus of the research, and the population sample. The problem statement draws from the background section; it includes current (i.e., ten years or less since publication unless otherwise approved by your Chair) literature (three to five citations) to show that the proposed research is significant and relevant to the field. It should be stated clearly and unambiguously in one to two paragraphs. You should state: “The problem is….” In one to two focused paragraphs, convince the reader why the particular issue or problem your study is investigating needs to be done.
• Introduce the general topic needing more research, including relevant/recent statistics on the issue.
• Summarize the recent research on the topic.
• Explain how/why the current research is deficient or falls short.
• Conclude with a focused statement identifying the problem in relation to your research design.
Purpose Statement
The purpose statement should follow the problem statement and clearly and succinctly state the focus and intentions of the proposed research. “The purpose statement should provide a specific and accurate synopsis of the overall purpose of the study” (Locke, Spirduso, & Silverman, 1987, p. 5) and begin with the following statement: “The purpose of this study is . . .” It foreshadows the research question(s), and the statement must be used consistently throughout the dissertation. You are encouraged to use the following template adapted from Creswell (2013):
The purpose of this _________ (phenomenological, grounded theory, ethnographic, case, historical) study is to _______________ (understand? describe? develop? discover?) the _____________ (central phenomenon of the study) for _____________ (the participants) at __________ (the site). At this stage in the research, ___________ (central phenomenon) will be generally defined as ________________ (a general definition of the central concept). The theory guiding this study is (identify theory and cite theorist) as it (explain the relationship between the theory and your focus of inquiry).
Although brief in nature, the problem and purpose statements are two very important aspects of the manuscriipt. These statements support the importance of the study and identify the goal of the research. All preceding writing within the manuscriipt should funnel into the problem and purpose statements, and all proceeding aspects of the manuscriipt should align with, support, and further expand upon the problem and purpose statements.
Significance of the Study
The significance of the study section contains a descriiption of the contributions that the study makes to the knowledge base or discipline, both theoretically and empirically (i.e., How does it relate to other studies that are similar or that investigate the same issue?) This section also includes a brief descriiption of the practical significance of the study; why it is important to the location, organization, general population, or sample being studied (e.g., Why and how does it affect them? How will it improve the conditions, lives, work environment, etc.? How can this study be used on a wider scale to affect change to help a wider group of people or the organization as a whole?). References are very important here to lend additional credence and support the study. All assertions in this section need to be well supported by the literature. Citations are needed.
Research Questions
The proposed research question(s) should be derived from the problem and purpose statements. A well-written research question is feasible, clear, significant, and ethical. In qualitative studies, research questions are often philosophical or pragmatic in nature and ask about meaning, process, perceptions, or behavior. Qualitative research questions are usually broader and become more specific as you move into the actual data collection/analysis process. Identify at least three research questions. If one central research question is used, the subsequent questions are called sub-questions. Include a brief descriiption and discussion of each one before moving to the next question, using the literature (including citations) to support the focus of the question. Remember that each research question will need to be addressed in the data collection, data analysis, and discussion sections of later chapters. Be sure these questions do not elicit simple yes/no responses. Note that traditional research hypotheses are not necessary or appropriate for most qualitative studies.
Definitions
Terms pertinent to the study should be listed and defined as the final section of Chapter One. All definitions in this section also need to be supported by the literature. Include terms that use abbreviations. Citations are needed. Dictionary definitions are not acceptable. Example:
1. Attitude – Attitude is a psychological tendency that involves evaluating a particular object with some degree of favor or disfavor (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993).
2. Interest – The combination of emotion and personal valuation of a task resulting in a desire for various levels of enjoyment (Ainley & Ainley, 2011).
3. Etc…
Summary
Provide a chapter summary here. The Summary includes a succinct restatement of the problem and purpose of the study and provides a strong conclusion to the chapter.

Module 2: Writing Assignment #1
Describe the differences between structural and functional neural imaging techniques and provide at least two examples of each. In your discussion, explain the advantages and limitations of each technique and how they are used in the study of the brain.

Evaluate your personality in terms of the 15 characteristics of a self-actualized person. Indicate which of the 15 characteristics you possess to some degree and which you do not. What conclusions do you draw from your observations?

SCENARIO: Monica is a single mom who has a 16-year-old son named Jordan. Monica and Jordan were close at one point. As of late, Monica has been noticing that Jordan spends a lot of time focusing on what his friends think about him. Without his mother’s permission, Jordan recently crawled out of his bedroom window and went to a party when he was supposed to be studying for an exam. Upon his return home, Jordan reeked of alcohol and marijuana and was caught by his mother. Shocked and appalled by her son’s recent behavior, she grounded him for two weeks.
What advice would you give Monica about her son’s recent behavior?
ASSIGNMENT: Using what you learned about the adolescent brain and social development, you will answer questions related to this case study assignment below. Your goals are to help Monica understand why her son makes the choices he does and recommend some strategies that may help solve the problem. DIRECTIONS: To complete the assignment, you will answer the following four questions in 5-7 sentences each:
What happens inside the brain of a teenager that makes it difficult for Jordan to weigh the risks and rewards of his behavior? Describe how the adolescent brain weighs risk and reward.
Why does it appear that Jordan values the opinion of his peers more than the opinion of his mother? Explain the psychological concepts that may account for why Jordan places value on his peers’ opinions.
What advice would you give Jordan’s mother, Monica, that would teach him how to make better choices and decisions? Discuss a specific strategy that Monica may implement to help her son make better decisions.
If you were in Monica’s shoes, how would you feel? Explain why a better understanding of Monica’s perspective could result in more constructive advice.Requirements
The following requirements must be met for your submission to be graded:
Each question response should be between 5-7 sentences or 150-200 words, placed directly below the associated question.
Use a readable 12-point font.
All writing must be appropriate for an academic context.
Composition must be original and written for this assignment.
Plagiarism of any kind is strictly prohibited.
Submission must include your name and the date.
Include all of the assignment components in a single file.
Acceptable file formats include .doc and .docx