Category: Public Health

1. What is an NCD? Why are NCDs becoming a global health priority?
2. What are the major risk factors for chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs)?
3. What is the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)? Has it been effective?
4. Why is chronic kidney disease a global health issue?
5. What is cirrhosis? What are the major risk factors for cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases?
6. How is sickle cell anemia different from thalassemia?
7. What could your community do to be more accessible to people with vision impairments and those who are blind?
8. What is edentulism? How does this condition affect overall health? What percentage of adults have this condition?

ANSWER
1. **Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)** are chronic diseases that are not caused by infectious agents. They are the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. NCDs are becoming a global health priority because of their increasing prevalence and the significant burden they place on individuals, families, and societies.

2. The major risk factors for chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) include:

* Tobacco smoking
* Air pollution
* Occupational exposure to dust and fumes
* Allergens
* Respiratory infections
* Poor nutrition

3. The **Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)** is a global treaty that aims to reduce tobacco consumption and its devastating health consequences. It was adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2003 and has been ratified by 182 countries.

The FCTC has been effective in reducing tobacco consumption in many countries. For example, a study published in the journal *The Lancet* found that the FCTC has helped to avert more than 70 million premature deaths worldwide between 2008 and 2019.

4. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health issue because it is a major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and death. CKD is also a leading cause of end-stage kidney disease, which requires dialysis or kidney transplantation.

The prevalence of CKD is increasing worldwide, due to factors such as aging, diabetes, and hypertension. CKD is estimated to affect more than 10% of the world’s population.

5. Cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease that is characterized by the formation of scar tissue in the liver. Cirrhosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including alcohol abuse, viral hepatitis, and fatty liver disease.

The major risk factors for cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases include:

* Alcohol abuse
* Viral hepatitis
* Fatty liver disease
* Autoimmune diseases
* Genetic disorders

6. Sickle cell anemia and thalassemia are both genetic blood disorders that can cause anemia. However, there are some key differences between the two conditions.

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation in the gene that produces hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. The mutation causes the red blood cells to be sickle-shaped, which can make them get stuck in blood vessels and block blood flow.

Thalassemia is caused by a mutation in the genes that control the production of hemoglobin. This mutation can lead to a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the red blood cells, which can cause anemia.

7. Here are some things your community can do to be more accessible to people with vision impairments and those who are blind:

* Make sure sidewalks and ramps are free of obstructions and well-lit.
* Install tactile paving at crosswalks and other pedestrian areas.
* Provide audible cues at traffic signals and other public places.
* Make sure public transportation is accessible to people with vision impairments.
* Offer training to businesses and organizations on how to make their services accessible to people with vision impairments.

8. Edentulism is the complete loss of teeth. It is a common condition among older adults, but it can also occur in younger people due to factors such as poor oral hygiene, gum disease, and trauma.

Edentulism can have a significant impact on overall health. It can make it difficult to eat, speak, and swallow. Edentulism can also lead to malnutrition and social isolation.

According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 17% of adults worldwide have edentulism. The prevalence of edentulism is higher in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.

To prevent edentulism, it is important to practice good oral hygiene and to see a dentist for regular checkups and cleanings.

Should BMI Help Determine Gender-Affirming Surgery Candidacy?
How Should Risk Be Communicated to Patients When Developing Resident Surgeon Robotic Skills?
Above ae the two cases I selected

For this discussion, we are examining public and private healthcare facilities. Locate two different facilities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia – one private and one public. Examine the difference and similarities you see in the different facilities. Explain how the law impacts how these two facilities operate?
Embed course material concepts, principles, and theories (which require supporting citations) in your initial response along with at least one scholarly, peer-reviewed journal article. Keep in mind that these scholarly references can be found in the Saudi Digital Library by conducting an advanced search specific to scholarly references. Use Saudi Electronic University academic writing standards and APA style guidelines.

The Saudi government has been intrigued by its neighbor’s visionary economic development policies and examined their economic and development path closely. Most GCC countries had visionary policies in place at the time—Oman already had Vision 2020 and was working on Vision 2040; the UAE, Bahrain, as well as Kuwait each had Vision 2030; and Qatar had a National Vision 2020 for sustainable development. Development agencies emphasized and espoused that Saudi Arabia must follow the steps to “diversify the economy, build infrastructure and eventually move to a knowledge society(Rahman, 2020).
The Ministry of Health (MOH) and other governmental agencies such as the Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Education, and Ministry of the National Guard are currently the major healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia, accounting for approximately 80% of total services provided nationwide. The MOH alone is responsible for approximately 60% of all services. All curative services, including primary, secondary, and tertiary care, rehabilitative services, home healthcare, and long-term care, are provided by the MOH or other government healthcare providers(Alkhamis, 2017).
Saudi Arabia’s constitution establishes health care as a fundamental right. To provide free health services to its citizens, the public health system and the Ministry of Health (MOH) were established in 1925 and 1949, respectively. Since its inception, the Kingdom has accompanied social policy and provided health care to everyone. This resulted in better population health when compared to other countries, including those in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The public sector provided free health care to the Saudi people without the need for additional financial support from oil revenues. Various development projects have been successfully implemented by the government over the last few decades(Rahman, 2020).
According to AlMubarak et al. (2021) Furthermore, the findings of the study are limited to one public hospital and cannot be generalized to other hospitals. However, providing context – specific description helped contribute to the study’s generalizability, allowing informed decisions about the study’s findings’ applicability to other situations. The recognition of such constraints highlights potential areas for future research, that would be required to investigate the impact of privatization on a variety of hospital and main health care centers, as well as a variety of health, social, and financial indicators. It is also necessary to investigate how accountability is operationalized and enforced in situations where it has never been implemented. It would also be critical to capture the viewpoints of the private industry. The valuable lessons from this research study can be utilized to guide the next stages of execution and can be transmitted to other health facilities that will be undergoing similar changes. Policymakers will be able to make better decisions if they understand how stakeholders perceive privatization. Finally, the findings show how different actors construct various meanings of the same reform. As a result, researchers are urged to identify the difference among various stakeholder groups and attempt to comprehend the underlying assumptions underlying any identified differences.
References
Alkhamis, A. A. (2017). Critical analysis and review of the literature on healthcare privatization and its association with access to medical care in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 10(3), 258–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2017.02.014
AlMubarak, S. H., Alfayez, A. S., Alanazi, A. T., Alwuhaimed, L. A., & Bo Hamed, S. S. (2021). Autonomy, accountability, and competition: The privatisation of the Saudi health care system. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 16(2), 144–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.11.005
Rahman, R. (2020). The Privatization of Health Care System in Saudi Arabia. Health Services Insights, 13, 1178632920934497. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178632920934497

Why is it important for healthcare administrators to understand statistical methods used in healthcare research?
Respond to at least two of your classmates’ or instructor’s posts. Provide examples of concepts (such as a confidence interval) and practical skills you have learned that could be used to explain the information to healthcare leaders who might not have an MHA or training in healthcare research.

Rapid Research Presentation Grading
Criteria
a. Did the presenter provide an understanding of the background to the research question being addressed, while avoiding jargon?
15 pts
b. Did the presenter clearly describe the impact and/or results of the research, including conclusions and outcomes?
15 pts
c. Did the slide enhance the talk – was it visually appealing and concise? Or did the slide detract from the talk? (10 pts)
10 pts
a. Did the presenter clearly outline the nature and purpose/significance of the research? (20 pts)
20 pts
b. Did the presenter clearly indicate what is interesting or novel about the research? (10 pts)
10 pts
c. Did the presentation flow well and logically? (10 pts)
10 pts
a. Did the presenter convey enthusiasm for the work?
10 pts
b. Did the presenter capture and maintain the audience’s attention?
10 pts
Total Points: 100

In your own words, explain the law of diminishing marginal productivity. Be sure to mention why the law tends to hold in the short run.
Based on your readings this week, in your opinion which factors impact the supply curve for physicians the most? In your own words, explain how each factor impacts the supply curve.

This assignment will help you critically think, evaluate, and apply your understanding of the key epidemiologic principles and methods to appraising an epidemiological investigation. This is vital for using information from studies in decision-making and developing guiding public health statements.
Signature Assignment: Critical Appraisal of an Epidemiological/PH Research Article
Read Appendix A in Friis and Seller (2020) regarding a Critical Appraisal of an Epidemiological/PH Research Article.
Using our library resources, or other scholarly search engines, search the literature for an epidemiological public health research paper on a public health issue that interests you. Write a four- to five-page essay critically appraising the selected epidemiological public health research article. Use the sections listed in Appendix A to organize your paper. Appraise the article based on expectations discussed in the reading.
Your paper should be 4–5 pages in length (excluding cover page and reference page). Include at least five scholarly references in your paper in addition to citing the course e-text. Use current APA Style and cite your sources. Your sources should be integrated into the paragraphs. Use internal citations pointing to evidence in the literature and supporting your ideas. You will need to include a reference page listing those sources.

The Health Education Code of Ethics can be found at: http://www.nchec.org/code-of-ethics In light of this code, are health educators obligated to do their part in striving toward the achievement of Healthy People 2030 objectives? Please explain your response.

As a public health nurse at a free clinic, you are assessing and interviewing a 21-year-old woman who has come to the clinic because she doesn’t have any energy and hasn’t felt good in weeks. During the interview, you learn that she averages one meal per day, smokes up to two packs of cigarettes per day, and rummages through trash to find items she can sell to purchase food, snacks, and cigarettes. She admits to using street drugs every once in a while when she can find someone who will share with her. She admits her life is a mess and she doesn’t know how to make it better.
What data can you gather based on available client information?
What questions should you ask yourself while interviewing this client?
During planning, how can you, as the nurse, best assist this client?
What are the potential strategies that would assist the client to a “better” life?
Your paper should be 2 pages in length, in APA format, typed in Times New Roman with 12-point font, and double-spaced with 1” margins. If outside sources are used, they must be cited appropriately.