Category: Public Health

Please replace all the text in blue with your own content. Please read and delete all text in green before submission. Consider a problem that vEDS families face and a social media post or doctor’s office brochure that might be able to solve that problem. Write a proposal for a brochure or social media post and convince a team next semester to complete this as their group project. Remember that vEDS families are already experts on vEDS. They need help understanding and coping with ancillary health policy and legal issues.
Ryan’s Challenge Project Proposal: Your Unique Project Title Here
1)KEY ISSUES
a.List at least 2 no more than 10.
2)TARGET AUDIENCE
a.Examples include but are not limited to parents of kids with vEDS/adolescents with vEDS/parents with mental health concerns/parents that have lost a child to vEDS/parents with school-aged kids with vEDS etc.
3)VOCABULARY/TERMS
a.List at least 2 no more than 10. vEDS may not be one of your key terms.
4)HEALTH LITERACY/BASE-KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT
a.vEDS families typically have more advanced knowledge of vEDS than most health care professionals; however, they may have knowledge gaps concerning health law and or polices affecting their or their loved one’s health outcomes.
5)LEGAL PRECEDENCE
a.What has happened in the last twenty years in health law that impacts the issue?
6)CREATIVITY
a.How will your brochure or post attract attention? What images/art/video links might make it topical and/ attractive to readers? List at least 2 no more than 10.
7)FUTURE RESEARCH
a.What concepts are confusing?
b.Which issues require more time/space to explain?
i.Consider ranking them.
8)PICK ME
Write a short paragraph explaining why the group next semester should move forward with your project proposal. Explain how it relates to Katie’s and Ryan’s presentation at the beginning of the semester.
Please do not
1)Confuse vEDS with EDS
2)Repeat information on the Ryan’s Challenge webpage.
a.Explain what vEDS is instead of focusing on the issue.
3)Be boring/sloppy/inaccurate.
a.This includes but is not limited to failing to use spellcheck; using voice-to-text and not correcting your capitalization or wording; failing to proofread.
Please do
4)Teach about a health law issue in meaningful ways to vEDS families/patients.
5)Do your homework/ask questions/summarize research.
6)Be empathetic.
7)Be creative.
8)Be clear.
9)Support/inspire.

Module 05: Critical Thinking Assignment 530:
Safety Critical Communication 125 points
Hospital administration has asked you to develop a memo explaining how to use the SBAR (Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendations) as a tool for safety critical communication during shift change among healthcare professionals. In the memo that you will be preparing, remember to address the following:
The importance of critical safety communication
At least two principles of safety-critical communications
A description of the SBAR tool
A hypothetical example of how to use each element of the SBAR tool, meaning examples of each of the following: Situation
Background
Assessment
Recommendations
To see an example of the structure of a memo, view the following memo, “Fall Clothes Line Promotion,” developed by Purdue OWL.
Your memo should meet the following structural requirements:
A minimum of two pages that includes all the elements detailed above.
Follow APA 7th edition and Saudi Electronic University writing standards.
Be sure to cite any statistics or other information as appropriate.

Implementing Lean Management System and Lean Six Sigma in Healthcare Settings (125 points)
You are the chairperson of the hospital’s quality improvement committee. The committee is planning to introduce Lean Management Systems (LMS) and Lean Six Sigma (LSS) to the organization as a newly adopted framework to increase the quality and efficiencies of healthcare delivery, as outlined in the health sector transformation program of Saudi Vision 2030.
For this assignment, you will create a presentation for staff that achieves the following:
Provide a brief history of CQI in healthcare and an introduction to LMS and LSS. Include how this aligns with the aims of the Saudi Vision 2030 health sector transformation program.
Analyze the benefits of using LMS and LSS as it applies to improving patient outcomes.
Describe the application of LMS and LSS to healthcare. Include examples of recent achievements of healthcare systems in Saudi Arabia that have implemented LMS and LSS.
Select a department to pilot the implementation of LMS and LSS. Determine what information you need from the staff to make the implementation of LMS and LSS successful. Provide two examples of a strategy to collect this information.
Your PowerPoint should meet the following requirements:
Be 10-12 slides in length, not including the title or reference slides.
Be formatted according to Saudi Electronic University and APA writing guidelines.
Provide support for your statements with citations from a minimum of six scholarly articles. These citations should be listed in the Notes section of the slide in which they appear. Two of these sources may be from the class readings, textbook, or lectures, but four must be external.
Each slide must provide detailed speaker’s notes to support the slide content. These should be a minimum of 100 words long (per slide) and must be a part of the presentation. The presentation cannot be submitted in PDF format, which does not make notes visible to the instructor. Notes must draw from and cite relevant reference materials.

Capital budgeting is an essential process for healthcare organizations. The challenge in quality and patient safety organizations is proving a return on capital investment without revenue impacts.
Select a capital investment that you would recommend making for a patient safety concern. In a 10-12 slide PowerPoint Presentation address the following requirements:
Describe the capital item in detail:Item description
Rationale for selection
Cost-benefit analysis
Complete a capital budget with projected financial benefits:Revenue or positive financial impact
Capital equipment cost
Personnel cost
Supply cost
Review financial ratiosReturn on investment
Net Present Value
Cash Payback period
Make a recommendation to lease or finance the capital item. Please support your decision with financial data.
Your presentation should meet the following structural requirements:
Be 10-12 slides in length, not including the title or reference slides.
Be formatted according to APA writing guidelines.
Provide support for your statements with citations from a minimum of 12 scholarly articles. These citations should be listed in the Notes section of the slide in which they appear. Two of these sources may be from the class readings, textbook, or lectures, but four must be external.
Each slide must provide detailed speaker’s notes to support the slide content. These should be a minimum of 150 words long (per slide) and must be a part of the presentation. The presentation cannot be submitted in PDF format, which does not make notes visible to the instructor. Notes must draw from and cite relevant reference materials.

Crisis situations require effective leadership to direct a unified quality healthcare response.
Using the Saudi Digital Library, locate and read three scholarly research articles on the role of leadership in managing quality and safety initiatives during crisis situations in Saudi Arabia.
Based on your readings, prepare a PowerPoint presentation describing your leadership style and how you would use your leadership to effectively manage quality and safety during a healthcare crisis. Explain the crisis situation, the environment, the resources available, the challenges, and proposed solutions to the crisis situation that you are writing about.
Your PowerPoint should meet the following requirements:
Seven to eight slides, not including your title and reference slides.
Each slide must provide detailed speakers notes, with a minimum of 100 words per slide. Notes must draw from and cite relevant reference materials.
Formatted per APA 7th edition and Saudi Arabia Electronic University formatting guidelines.
Utilize headings to organize the content of your work.
Professional design and transitions.
You are strongly encouraged to submit all assignments to the Turnitin Originality Check prior to submitting them to your instructor for grading. If you are unsure how to submit an assignment to the Originality Check tool, review the Turnitin Originality Check Student Guide.
this is exapmle

Methods
Study design
This study is related to the Saudi Critical Care Pharmacy Research (SCAPE) platform which conducted several observational studies to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of several treatments in critically ill patients. A multi-center with a retrospective cohort design of adult patients who were critically ill patients and admitted to Intensive Care Units (ICUs) with COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and July 31, 2021, at three centers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Following patient screening based on the eligibility criteria, eligible patients were categorized into two sub-cohorts based on the timing to reach the protein target of 0.8 mg/kg/day at day three of feeding initiation (≤0.8 mg/kg/day vs. ˃ 0.8 mg/kg/day). Patients in the control sub-cohort were critically ill with COVID-19 and did not reach a target of protein ˃ 0.8 mg/kg/day on day three of feeding initiation. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) was confirmed using either Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) nasopharyngeal or throat swabs. All patients were followed until discharged or died during their in-hospital stay.
Study setting
The study was carried out at three medical centers in different geographic distributions within KSA. The principal center was King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), a tertiary care institution in Riyadh; other centers included were King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz University Hospital (Riyadh) and Royal Commission Hospital (Jubail). Study sites were chosen based on their willingness to participate, electronic records availability, and geographic dispersion.
Study participants
Critically ill adult patients (aged ≥18 years) with confirmed SARS‑CoV‑2 admitted to the ICUs at three study centers were assessed for eligibility. Patients were excluded if they did not receive mechanical ventilation (MV) within 24 hours of admission, received oral feeding, or total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Additionally, patients who were designated as “Do-Not-Resuscitate,” died within the first 24 hours of ICU admission or had an ICU length of stay (LOS) ≤ one day were excluded from our cohort (Figure 1).
Data collection
Variables and data were collected using the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap®️) platform hosted by the KAIMRC that included demographic data, comorbidities, laboratory, vital signs, baseline severity details of data collected could be found in the supplemental file 1.
Outcomes
The primary endpoint was AKI during ICU stay. The secondary endpoints were gastric residual volume, and re-feeding syndrome at day three of EN initiation. Additional secondary endpoints include complications during ICU stay such as liver injury and new onset atrial fibrillation, length of stay (ICU and hospital), MV duration, mortality (Outcomes definition – Supplementary file 1).
Statistical analysis
Propensity score matching procedure was used to match patients who received Favipiravir (active group) to patients who did not (control group) using 1:1 ratio (Proc PS match). These PS scores were generated through propensity score analysis after considering all relevant covariates, which included the patient’s APACHE II score, baseline AKI status, MV status, inotropes/vasopressors use, baseline albumin, ferritin, INR, platelets count and the early use of Dexamethasone within 24 hours of ICU admission. A greedy nearest-neighbor matching method was used, which eventually produced the smallest within-pair difference among all available pairs with treated patients. Patients were matched only if the difference in the logits of the propensity scores for pairs of patients from the two groups was less than or equal to 0.1 times the pooled estimate of the standard deviation.
Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed for the 30-day and in-hospital mortality. The proportionality assumption was assessed before fitting the cox model. Visual assessment was performed to assess the assumption by plotting a log(-log) plot and testing the correlation of scaled Schoenfeld residuals with rank-ordered time. Multivariable logistic and negative binomial regression analysis were used as appropriate for the other outcomes considered in this study. Regression analysis was performed by considering the PS score as one of the covariates in the model. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test was used to evaluate model fit. The hazard ratio (HR), odds ratios (OR), or estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported as appropriate. No imputation was made for missing data, as the cohort of patients in our study was not derived from random selection. We considered a P-value of < 0.05 statistically significant. The SAS software was used for all statistical analyses (SAS Version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC, USA).
Results
The current study included 466 critically ill patients with COVID-19, out of 1451 patients who were screened. Based on protein advancement at day 3 of feeding initiation, 353 patients (75.8 %) received protein of less than or equal 0.8 gm/kg/day (Control); while 116 patients were above 0.8 gm/kg/day. After cardinality matching with a 2:1 ratio, the control group included 192 compared with 96 patients in the active group. The median protein at starting day was 19.4 grams per kg (11.70, 28.40) with a median target calorie 1620.0 (1512.00, 1700.00).
Demographics and Clinical Characteristics
Most of the patients in our cohort were male (60.3%) with a mean age of 63.5 ± 15.26 and a median BMI of 30.6 (26.43, 36.09). The most prevalent underlying comorbidities were hypertension (59.9%), diabetes mellitus (59.2%), dyslipidemia (26.6%), and chronic kidney disease (13.7%). Before PS matching, there were notable differences in baseline characteristics such as mechanical ventilation within 24 hours of ICU admission, platelet count, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, which were all significantly higher in the control group (Table 1). In terms of total calories (kcal/day), at the first day, the group administered more than 0.8 g/kg/day had a higher risk of refeeding syndrome on day 2.
On the other hand, before PS matching, the active group had higher mean age and received more nephrotoxic medications and had higher gastric residuals at the start of nutrition. After using Cardinlity PS matching, most of these differences became comparable between the two groups, except for patients who received more than or equal to 0.8 g/kg/day had a higher BMI, and a higher risk of refeeding syndrome on day 2 of starting nutrition (Table 1).
AKI and other complications during ICU stay
The crude analysis revealed that the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) was lower in patients who received protein more than 0.8 g/kg/day compared with the control group at day three of feeding initiation (37.5 % versus 47.9; p-value=0.09). However, it did not reach statistical significance at logistic regression (OR 0.63; CI: 0.37, 1.06; P = 0.08). However, in terms of serum creatinine were comparable between the groups before and after matching (92 % versus 92.5 %; p-value=0.95) and (96.5 % versus 96.0 %; p-value=0.94). (Table 2)
Patients who received more than 0.8 g/kg/day had a lower incidence of atrial fibrillation compared to the control group in the crude analysis (11.5% vs. 22.9%; p = 0.01) as well as in the regression analysis (OR: 0.233; 95% CI: (0.118, 0.462); P = 0.02) (refer to Table 3). Other outcomes during ICU stay, such as liver injury, aspiration, and refeeding syndrome risk, did not significantly differ between the two groups (Table 3).
30-day and In-hospital Mortality
The study found no significant differences in either 30-day mortality (49% vs. 59.2%; P = 0.15) or in-hospital mortality (55.6% vs. 64.6%; P = 0.17) in the crude analysis. Moreover, the multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses did not show a statistical significance between the two groups in 30-day and in-hospital mortality (HR: 1.33, 95%CI: (0.91, 1.96), P = 0.14 and HR: 1.21, 95%CI: (0.85, 1.72), P = 0.29, respectively) (Table 2).
MV duration and LOS
Patients who received protein at day three above 0.8 g/kg/day had a non-significant longer duration of mechanical ventilation (MV) in crude analysis (20.5 vs. 18.4 days; p-value = 0.32) as well in the linear regression analysis (beta coefficient: -0.16, 95% CI: [-0.04, 0.37], P = 0.12). Additionally, the ICU and hospital length of stays (LOS) were lower between the two groups; however, it failed to reach the statistical significance (beta coefficient: -0.06, 95% CI: [-0.23, 0.11]; P = 0.51 and beta coefficient: -0.04, 95% CI: [-0.23, 0.16], P = 0.73, respectively) (Table 2).

What are the different types of leases?
An operating lease is implemented for short-term leases of assets with a limited lifespan. The asset under this type of agreement stays as the lessor’s property, while rent payments are paid by the lessee for its use throughout the term specified in the said contract (Li & Xu, 2022). The finance lease is a long-term lease that typically encompasses assets with an extensive lifespan. The responsibility for maintenance, insurance coverage, and taxes during this contractual arrangement falls under the purview of the lessee as they have been assigned these obligations. Upon termination of said contract, there exists within it an option to buy said asset at residual value dictated by certain conditions outlined in prior agreements. Sale and leaseback involve vending an asset to a leasing corporation, which is then leased again for a specific duration (Lee & McDonough, 2022). This leasing mode effectively generates finances while still retaining ownership over the property.
How can a lease be better than buying the item with capital?
In certain situations, leasing can prove superior to purchasing an item with available capital. Utilizing business access to the use of assets without requiring full payment upfront conserves cash flow. Additionally, such arrangements could offer tax benefits since lease payments are usually deductible as expenses under favorable conditions.
Suppose an organization needs new machinery that costs $100,000. They have two options: lease the machinery for five years or purchase it outright using a loan with an interest rate of 8% per year.
Option 1: Lease
Lease the machinery for a monthly payment of $2,000 for five years, with no residual value Total Lease Payments = $2,000 x 12 months x 5 years = $120,000
Option 2: Purchase
financial ratios (Gonzalez-Prida et al., 2022). Therefore, one must scrutinize how renting will affect their financial reports and overall fiscal stability.
References
LEASING VS RENTING 5
Running Head: LEASING VS RENTING 1
González-Prida, V., Parra, C., Kristjanpoller, F., Viveros, P., Guillén, A., & Crespo, A. (2022). Overview for Leasing or Buying Decisions in Industrial Asset Management. In 15th WCEAM Proceedings (pp. 115-125). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-03…
Lee, C. F., & McDonough, R. (2022). The economics of and accounting for lease transactions. Springer Books, 2019-2040.
https://ideas.repec.org/h/spr/sprchp/978-3-030-912…
Li, K., & Xu, Y. (2022). Leasing as Capital Reallocation. Available at SSRN 4226239.
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_i…https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_i…
this was qoustion
Leasing Decisions
Businesses generally own fixed (capital) assets. However, it the ability to use buildings and equipment that is important to the business, not their ownership. One way to obtain the use of capital assets is to lease them.
Address the following requirements:
What are the different types of leases?
How can a lease be better than buying the item with capital?
What factors do you consider when evaluating a lease?

Great discussion! Nice explanations of Type I and Type II errors, understanding sensitivity and specificity when testing the null and alternative hypotheses. I would add that we cannot have 100% confidence in our findings and choosing a 99% confidence interval has other risks such as wasting resources because the sample size has to be so much larger. So yes, we cannot draw conclusions from our research, on conclude that we can make inferences regarding the findings. This is why you see researchers continue to repeat studies to validate their findings. What would you recommend to help researchers achieve the correct sample size with adequate power? this was my discussion!
type I errors occur when the researcher incorrectly concludes that the hypothesis is baseless. This type of error’s probability is represented by an alpha symbol (Brereton, 2020). The alpha symbol is the value that the researcher can choose, and it indicates that 5% of type I errors are acceptable. Therefore, the lower the alpha value, the less likely it is that the researcher will commit this type of error. Type I error is caused by the use of haphazard and inappropriate research methods, which leads to the researcher drawing incorrect conclusions. Type II errors, on the other hand, occur when the researcher incorrectly asserts that the null hypothesis is true. Beta represents the probability of committing a type II error (Brereton, 2020). This type of error can be reduced by ensuring that the sample size and the number of test subjects are sufficient to detect the actual differences. We can therefore conclude that type I errors are worse than type II errors.
These two errors are impossible for the researchers to commit. To avoid type I errors, researchers should only include their findings once they have achieved a high level of confidence (Kim, 2015). A level of confidence of 95% is regarded as optimal. Consequently, this is the rate that researchers should strive to accomplish. In addition, they must perform their tests for a lengthier duration to ensure that a sufficient sample size has been tested, thereby enhancing the credibility of the test results (Kim, 2015). Errors of type II can be reduced by increasing the sample size and decreasing the number of variants. In addition, researchers can reduce the statistical significance threshold to increase statistical power and reduce the likelihood of Type II errors.
References
Kim, H. Y. (2015). Statistical notes for clinical researchers: Type I and type II errors in the statistical decision. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 40(3), 249-252.
Brereton, R. G. (2020). Alpha, beta, type 1 and 2 errors, Ergon Pearson and Jerzy Neyman.

Developing an Infection Prevention Program
you are the director of the infection control department at a new hospital that is scheduled to open in six months. You are tasked with developing the infection prevention program for the hospital. Your submission will demonstrate your knowledge of infection prevention quality metrics and meeting infection control programs requirements of overseeing regulatory and accreditation bodies. Include the following in your submission: Diagnostic stewardship
Healthcare-associated infection metrics
Performance improvement
Meeting regulatory and accreditation requirements in Saudi Arabia
Requirements:
Your paper should be four to five pages in length, not including the title and reference pages.
You must include a minimum of four credible sources. Use the Saudi Electronic Digital Library to find your resources.
Your paper must follow Saudi Electronic University academic writing standards and APA style guidelines, as appropriate.
You are strongly encouraged to submit all assignments to the Plagiarism Originality Check Tool prior to submitting them to your instructor for grading. If you are unsure how to submit an assignment to the Originality Check tool, review the Originality Check Student Guide.

The process of enacting legislation is a way of effecting change. Use the following website to conduct research this week on a piece of healthcare legislation that has been either presented or passed in the last five years: http://www.ncsl.org/research/health.aspx Links to an external site.. Write a summary of the new laws (or proposed laws) and how they progressed through the legal system. Did they experience any setbacks, or did they progress through the system as expected? If they experienced delays, why do you think these delays occurred?